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Occurrence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium spp. in surface water supplies
Open accessAbstract
Giardia and Cryptosporidium levels were determined by using a combined immunofluorescence test for source waters of 66 surface water treatment plants in 14 states and 1 Canadian province. The results showed that cysts and oocysts were widely dispersed in the aquatic environment. Giardia spp. were detected in 81% of the raw water samples. Cryptosporidium spp. were found in 87% of the raw water locations. Overall, Giardia or Cryptosporidium spp. were detected in 97% of the raw water samples. Higher cyst and oocyst densities were associated with source waters receiving industrial or sewage effluents. Significant correlations were found between Giardia and Cryptosporidium densities and raw water quality parameters such as turbidity and total and fecal coliform levels. Statistical modeling suggests that cyst and oocyst densities could be predicted on the basis of watershed and water quality characteristics. The occurrence of high levels of Giardia cysts in raw water samples may require water utilities to apply treatment beyond that outlined in the Surface Water Treatment Rule of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
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Citations
Cited by
Epidemiology of Cryptosporidium: transmission, detection and identification
Fayer, R., Morgan, U., & Upton, S. J. (2000) · International Journal for Parasitology · doi:10.1016/s0020-7519(00)00135-1 · Cited by 938
Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: Review of worldwide outbreaks – An update 2004–2010
Baldursson, S., & Karanis, P. (2011) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2011.10.013 · Cited by 789
Microbiological Safety of Drinking Water
Szewzyk, U., Szewzyk, R., Manz, W., & Schleifer, K.-H. (2000) · Annual Review of Microbiology · doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.54.1.81 · Cited by 580
Giardiasis as a re-emerging infectious disease and its zoonotic potential
Thompson, R. C. A. (2000) · International Journal for Parasitology · doi:10.1016/s0020-7519(00)00127-2 · Cited by 480
Microbial Load of Drinking Water Reservoir Tributaries during Extreme Rainfall and Runoff
Kistemann, T., Claßen, T., Koch, C., Dangendorf, F., Fischeder, R., Gebel, J., Vacata, V., & Exner, M. (2002) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.68.5.2188-2197.2002 · Cited by 466
Metadata
- Authors
- LeChevallier, M. W., Norton, W. D., & Lee, R. G.
- Venue
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology
- Publisher
- American Society for Microbiology
- Published
- 1991-09
- Volume
- 57
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 2610-2616
- ISSN
- 0099-2240 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-5336
- OpenAlex
- W1614332721
- Cited by
- 481
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 5.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
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- LeChevallier, M. W., Norton, W. D., & Lee, R. G. (1991). Occurrence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium spp. in surface water supplies. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.57.9.2610-2616.1991
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Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
