Depth Distribution of Microbial Diversity in Mono Lake, a Meromictic Soda Lake in California

Abstract

We analyzed the variation with depth in the composition of members of the domain Bacteria in samples from alkaline, hypersaline, and currently meromictic Mono Lake in California. DNA samples were collected from the mixolimnion (2 m), the base of the oxycline (17.5 m), the upper chemocline (23 m), and the monimolimnion (35 m). Composition was assessed by sequencing randomly selected cloned fragments of 16S rRNA genes retrieved from the DNA samples. Most of the 212 sequences retrieved from the samples fell into five major lineages of the domain Bacteria : α- and γ- Proteobacteria (6 and 10%, respectively), Cytophaga - Flexibacter - Bacteroides (19%), high-G+C-content gram-positive organisms ( Actinobacteria ; 25%), and low-G+C-content gram-positive organisms ( Bacillus and Clostridium ; 19%). Twelve percent were identified as chloroplasts. The remaining 9% represented β- and δ- Proteobacteria , Verrucomicrobiales , and candidate divisions. Mixolimnion and oxycline samples had low microbial diversity, with only 9 and 12 distinct phylotypes, respectively, whereas chemocline and monimolimnion samples were more diverse, containing 27 and 25 phylotypes, respectively. The compositions of microbial assemblages from the mixolimnion and oxycline were not significantly different from each other ( P = 0.314 and 0.877), but they were significantly different from those of chemocline and monimolimnion assemblages ( P < 0.001), and the compositions of chemocline and monimolimnion assemblages were not significantly different from each other ( P = 0.006 and 0.124). The populations of sequences retrieved from the mixolimnion and oxycline samples were dominated by sequences related to high-G+C-content gram-positive bacteria (49 and 63%, respectively) distributed in only three distinct phylotypes, while the population of sequences retrieved from the monimolimnion sample was dominated (52%) by sequences related to low-G+C-content gram-positive bacteria distributed in 12 distinct phylotypes. Twelve and 28% of the sequences retrieved from the chemocline sample were also found in the mixolimnion and monimolimnion samples, respectively. None of the sequences retrieved from the monimolimnion sample were found in the mixolimnion or oxycline samples. Elevated diversity in anoxic bottom water samples relative to oxic surface water samples suggests a greater opportunity for niche differentiation in bottom versus surface waters of this lake.