CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 123Chemokine receptors and signalingVector-borne infectious diseasesImmune Response and Inflammation

The chemokine receptor CXCR2 ligand KC (CXCL1) mediates neutrophil recruitment and is critical for development of experimental lyme arthritis and carditis

Open access
Ritzman, Anna M., Hughes-Hanks, Jennifer M., Blaho, Victoria A., Wax, Laura E., Mitchell, William J., Brown, Charles R.·2010·Infection and Immunity
DOI 10.1128/iai.00798-10PMC PMC2976349
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Deletion of the chemokine receptor CXCR2 prevents the recruitment of neutrophils into tissues and subsequent development of experimental Lyme arthritis. Following footpad inoculation of Borrelia burgdorferi, the agent of Lyme disease, expression of the CXCR2 ligand KC (CXCL1) is highly upregulated in the joints of arthritis-susceptible mice and is likely to play an important role in the recruitment of neutrophils to the site of infection. To test this hypothesis, we infected C3H KC−/−mice with B. burgdorferi and followed the development of arthritis and carditis. Ankle swelling was significantly attenuated during the peak of arthritis in the KC−/−mice. Arthritis severity scores were significantly lower in the KC−/−mice on days 11 and 21 postinfection, with fewer neutrophils present in the inflammatory lesions. Cardiac lesions were also significantly decreased in KC−/−mice at day 21 postinfection. There were, however, no differences between C3H wild-type and KC−/−mice in spirochete clearance from tissues. Two other CXCR2 ligands, LIX (CXCL5) and MIP-2 (CXCL2), were not increased to compensate for the loss of KC, and the production of several innate cytokines was unaltered. These results demonstrate that KC plays a critical nonredundant role in the development of experimental Lyme arthritis and carditis via CXCR2-mediated recruitment of neutrophils into the site of infection.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1128/iai.00798-10

Cites

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • LIX/ENA-78 levels are present at normal levels in THS-exposed mouse wounds.

    “Although the levels of KC, chemoattractant for neutrophils [57,58], were reduced in the THS-exposed mouse wounds the levels of LIX/ENA-78, another chemokine that chemoattracts neutrophils was present at normal levels [59].”

    From Tobacco toxins deposited on surfaces (third hand smoke) impair wound healing (2016) · cites this paper as [58]

    The Discussion identifies LIX as a chemokine that mediates neutrophil recruitment, and the Results report unchanged LIX levels in infected ankles and hearts of KC-deficient mice. The paper does not study THS-exposed wounds, so it does not establish that LIX/ENA-78 levels were normal in those wounds. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • KC levels are reduced in THS-exposed mouse wounds.

    “Although the levels of KC, chemoattractant for neutrophils [57,58], were reduced in the THS-exposed mouse wounds the levels of LIX/ENA-78, another chemokine that chemoattracts neutrophils was present at normal levels [59].”

    From Tobacco toxins deposited on surfaces (third hand smoke) impair wound healing (2016) · cites this paper as [58]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

No references could be resolved yet.

Research works printed but not linked: 56

  1. [1]Anguita, J., S. W. Barthold, S. Samanta, J. Ryan, and E. Fikrig. 1999. Selective anti-inflammatory action of interleukin-11 in murine Lyme disease: arthritis decreases while carditis persists. J. Infect. Dis. 179:734-737. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. [2]Anguita, J., D. H. Persing, M. Rincon, S. W. Barthold, and E. Fikrig. 1996. Effect of anti-interleukin 12 treatment on murine lyme borreliosis. J. Clin. Invest. 97:1028-1034. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. [3]Armstrong, A. L., S. W. Barthold, D. H. Persing, and D. S. Beck. 1992. Carditis in Lyme disease susceptible and resistant strains of laboratory mice infected with Borrelia burgdorferi. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 47:249-258. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. [4]Armstrong, D. A., J. A. Major, A. Chudyk, and T. A. Hamilton. 2004. Neutrophil chemoattractant genes KC and MIP-2 are expressed in different cell populations at sites of surgical injury. J. Leukoc. Biol. 75:641-648. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. [5]Barsante, M. M., T. M. Cunha, M. Allegretti, F. Cattani, F. Policani, C. Bizzarri, W. L. Tafuri, S. Poole, F. Q. Cunha, R. Bertini, and M. M. Teixeira. 2008. Blockade of the chemokine receptor CXCR2 ameliorates adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats. Br. J. Pharmacol. 153:992-1002. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. [6]Barthold, S. W., D. S. Beck, G. M. Hansen, G. A. Terwilliger, and K. D. Moody. 1990. Lyme borreliosis in selected strains and ages of laboratory mice. J. Infect. Dis. 162:133-138. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. [7]Barthold, S. W., K. D. Moody, G. A. Terwilliger, P. H. Duray, R. O. Jacoby, and A. C. Steere. 1988. Experimental Lyme arthritis in rats infected with Borrelia burgdorferi. J. Infect. Dis. 157:842-846. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. [8]Bizzarri, C., A. R. Beccari, R. Bertini, M. R. Cavicchia, S. Giorgini, and M. Allegretti. 2006. ELR+ CXC chemokines and their receptors (CXC chemokine receptor 1 and CXC chemokine receptor 2) as new therapeutic targets. Pharmacol. Ther. 112:139-149. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. [9]Brown, C. R., V. A. Blaho, K. L. Fritsche, and C. M. Loiacono. 2006. Stat1 deficiency exacerbates carditis but not arthritis during experimental Lyme borreliosis. J. Interferon Cytokine Res. 26:390-399. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. [10]Brown, C. R., V. A. Blaho, and C. M. Loiacono. 2003. Susceptibility to experimental Lyme arthritis correlates with KC and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 production in joints and requires neutrophil recruitment via CXCR2. J. Immunol. 171:893-901. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. [11]Brown, C. R., A. Y. C. Lai, S. T. Callen, V. A. Blaho, J. M. Hughes, and W. J. Mitchell. 2008. Adenoviral delivery of interleukin-10 fails to attenuate experimental Lyme disease. Infect. Immun. 76:5500-5507. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. [12]Brown, C. R., and S. L. Reiner. 1998. Clearance of Borrelia burgdorferi may not be required for resistance to experimental Lyme arthritis. Infect. Immun. 66:2065-2071. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. [13]Carter, R. A., I. K. Campbell, K. L. O'Donnel, and I. P. Wicks. 2002. Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) blockade in collagen-induced arthritis reduces joint involvement and alters B cell trafficking. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 128:44-51. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. [14]Cassatella, M. A. 1999. Neutrophil-derived proteins: selling cytokines by the pound. Adv. Immunol. 73:369-509. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. [15]Coelho, F. M., V. Pinho, F. A. Amaral, D. Sachs, V. V. Costa, D. H. Rodrigues, A. T. Vieira, T. A. Silva, D. G. Souza, R. Bertini, A. L. Teixeira, and M. M. Teixeira. 2008. The chemokine receptors CXCR1/CXCR2 modulate antigen-induced arthritis by regulating adhesion of neutrophils to the synovial microvasculature. Arthritis Rheum. 58:2329-2337. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. [16]Damsker, J. M., I. Okwumabua, T. Pushkarsky, K. Arora, M. I. Bukrinsky, and S. L. Constant. 2009. Targeting the chemotactic function of CD147 reduces collagen-induced arthritis. Immunology 126:55-62. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. [17]Endlich, B., D. Armstrong, J. Brodsky, M. Novotny, and T. A. Hamilton. 2002. Distinct temporal patterns of macrophage-inflammatory protein-2 and KC chemokine gene expression in surgical injury. J. Immunol. 168:3586-3594. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. [18]Eyles, J. L., M. J. Hickey, M. U. Norman, B. A. Croker, A. W. Roberts, S. F. Drake, W. G. James, D. Metcalf, I. K. Campbell, and I. P. Wicks. 2008. A key role for G-CSF-induced neutrophil production and trafficking during inflammatory arthritis. Blood 112:5193-5201. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. [19]Fujiwara, K., S. Ohkawara, K. Takagi, M. Yoshinaga, and A. Matsukawa. 2002. Involvement of CXC chemokine growth-related oncogene-alpha in monosodium urate crystal-induced arthritis in rabbits. Lab. Invest. 82:1297-1304. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. [20]Grespan, R., S. Y. Fukada, H. P. Lemos, S. M. Vieira, M. H. Napimoga, M. M. Teixeira, A. R. Fraser, F. Y. Liew, I. B. McInnes, and F. Q. Cunha. 2008. CXCR2-specific chemokines mediate leukotriene B4-dependent recruitment of neutrophils to inflamed joints in mice with antigen-induced arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 58:2030-2040. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. [21]Guerau-de-Arellano, M., J. Alroy, D. Bullard, and B. T. Huber. 2005. Aggravated Lyme carditis in CD11a−/− and CD11c−/− mice. Infect. Immun. 73:7637-7643. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. [22]Halloran, M. M., J. M. Woods, R. M. Strieter, Z. Szekanecz, M. V. Volin, S. Hosaka, G. K. Haines III, S. L. Kunkel, M. D. Burdick, A. Walz, and A. E. Koch. 1999. The role of an epithelial neutrophil-activating peptide-78-like protein in rat adjuvant-induced arthritis. J. Immunol. 162:7492-7500. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. [23]Issekutz, A. C., J. Y. Mu, G. Liu, J. Melrose, and E. L. Berg. 2001. E-selectin, but not P-selectin, is required for development of adjuvant-induced arthritis in the rat. Arthritis Rheum. 44:1428-1437. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. [24]Jacobs, J. P., A. Ortiz-Lopez, J. J. Campbell, C. J. Gerard, D. Mathis, and C. Benoist. 2010. Deficiency of CXCR2, but not other chemokine receptors, attenuates autoantibody-mediated arthritis in a murine model. Arthritis Rheum. 62:1921-1932. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. [25]Jia, N., U. Semba, H. Nishiura, A. Kuniyasu, T. K. Nsiama, N. Nishino, and T. Yamamoto. 2010. Interconversion between pure chemotactic ligands and chemoattractant/secretagogue ligands of neutrophil C5a receptor by a single amino acid substitution. J. Leukoc. Biol. 87:965-975. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. [26]Kenefick, K. B., J. A. Lederer, R. F. Schell, and C. J. Czuprynski. 1992. Borrelia burgdorferi stimulates release of interleukin-1 activity from bovine peripheral blood monocytes. Infect. Immun. 60:3630-3634. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. [27]Koch, A. E. 2005. Chemokines and their receptors in rheumatoid arthritis: future targets? Arthritis Rheum. 52:710-721. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. [28]Koch, A. E., S. L. Kunkel, L. A. Harlow, D. D. Mazarakis, G. K. Haines, M. D. Burdick, R. M. Pope, A. Walz, and R. M. Strieter. 1994. Epithelial neutrophil activating peptide-78: a novel chemotactic cytokine for neutrophils in arthritis. J. Clin. Invest. 94:1012-1018. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. [29]Koch, A. E., S. L. Kunkel, M. R. Shah, S. Hosaka, M. M. Halloran, G. K. Haines, M. D. Burdick, R. M. Pope, and R. M. Strieter. 1995. Growth-related gene product α. A chemotactic cytokine for neutrophils in rheumatoid arthritis. J. Immunol. 155:3660-3666. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. [30]Kraan, M., D. Patel, J. Haringman, M. Smith, H. Weedon, M. Ahern, F. Breedveld, and P. Tak. 2001. The development of clinical signs of rheumatoid synovial inflammation is associated with increased synthesis of the chemokine CXCL8 (interleukin-8). Arthritis Res. 3:65-71. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. [31]Lemos, H. P., R. Grespan, S. M. Vieira, T. M. Cunha, W. A. Verri, K. S. S. Fernandes, F. O. Souto, I. B. McInnes, S. H. Ferreira, F. Y. Liew, and F. Q. Cunha. 2009. Prostaglandin mediates IL-23/IL-17-induced neutrophil migration in inflammation by inhibiting IL-12 and IFNγ production. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 106:5954-5959. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. [32]Lomas, J. L., C. S. Chung, P. S. Grutkoski, B. W. LeBlanc, L. Lavigne, J. Reichner, S. H. Gregory, L. A. Doughty, W. G. Cioffi, and A. Ayala. 2003. Differential effects of macrophage inflammatory chemokine-2 and keratinocyte-derived chemokine on hemorrhage-induced neutrophil priming for lung inflammation: assessment by adoptive cells transfer in mice. Shock 19:358-365. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. [33]Lusitani, D., S. E. Malawista, and R. R. Montgomery. 2003. Calprotectin, an abundant cytosolic protein from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes, inhibits the growth of Borrelia burgdorferi. Infect. Immun. 71:4711-4716. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. [34]Ma, Y., K. P. Seiler, E. J. Eichwald, J. H. Weis, C. Teuscher, and J. J. Weis. 1998. Distinct characteristics of resistance to Borrelia burgdorferi-induced arthritis in C57BL/6N mice. Infect. Immun. 66:161-168. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. [35]Mackay, C. R. 2008. Moving targets: cell migration inhibitors as new anti-inflammatory therapies. Nat. Immunol. 9:988-998. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. [36]Min, S. H., Y. Wang, W. Gonsiorek, G. Anilkumar, J. Kozlowski, D. Lundell, J. S. Fine, and E. P. Grant. 2010. Pharmacological targeting reveals distinct roles for CXCR2/CXCR1 and CCR2 in a mouse model of arthritis. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 391:1080-1086. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. [37]Montgomery, R. R., D. Lusitani, A. B. Chevance Ad, and S. E. Malawista. 2002. Human phagocytic cells in the early innate immune response to Borrelia burgdorferi. J. Infect. Dis. 185:1773-1779. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. [38]Montgomery, R. R., C. J. Booth, X. Wang, V. A. Blaho, S. E. Malawista, and C. R. Brown. 2007. Recruitment of macrophages and polymorphonuclear leukocytes in Lyme carditis. Infect. Immun. 75:613-620. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. [39]Morrison, T. B., Y. Ma, J. H. Weis, and J. J. Weis. 1999. Rapid and sensitive quantification of Borrelia burgdorferi-infected mouse tissues by continuous fluorescent monitoring of PCR. J. Clin. Microbiol. 37:987-992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. [40]Morrison, T. B., J. H. Weis, and J. J. Weis. 1997. Borrelia burgdorferi outer surface protein A (OspA) activates and primes human neutrophils. J. Immunol. 158:4838-4845. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. [41]Pahl, A., U. Kuhlbrandt, K. Brune, M. Rollinghoff, and A. Gessner. 1999. Quantitative detection of Borrelia burgdorferi by real-time PCR. J. Clin. Microbiol. 37:1958-1963. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. [42]Palmer, G., N. Busso, M. Aurrand-Lions, D. Talabot-Ayer, V. Chobaz-Peclat, C. Zimmerli, P. Hammel, B. Imhof, and C. Gabay. 2007. Expression and function of junctional adhesion molecule-C in human and experimental arthritis. Arthritis Res. Ther. 9:1-12. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. [43]Pillinger, M. H., and S. B. Abramson. 1995. The neutrophil in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheum. Dis. Clin. North Am. 21:691-714. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. [44]Rovai, L. E., H. R. Herschman, and J. B. Smith. 1998. The murine neutrophil-chemoattractant chemokines LIX, KC, and MIP-2 have distinct induction kinetics, tissue distributions, and tissue-specific sensitivities to glucocorticoid regulation in endotoxemia. J. Leukoc. Biol. 64:494-502. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. [45]Ruderman, E. M., J. S. Kerr, S. R. Telford III, A. Spielman, L. H. Glimcher, and E. M. Gravallese. 1995. Early murine Lyme carditis has a macrophage predominance and is independent of major histocompatibility complex class II-CD4+ T cell interactions. J. Infect. Dis. 171:362-370. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. [46]Santos, L. L., E. F. Morand, P. Hutchinson, N. W. Boyce, and S. R. Holdsworth. 1997. Anti-neutrophil monoclonal antibody therapy inhibits the development of adjuvant arthritis. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 107:248-253. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. [47]Schrier, D., R. B. Gilbertsen, M. Lesch, and J. Fantone. 1984. The role of neutrophils in type II collagen-induced arthritis in rats. Am. J. Pathol. 117:26-29. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. [48]Schrier, D. J., R. C. Schimmer, C. M. Flory, D. K. Tung, and P. A. Ward. 1998. Role of chemokines and cytokines in a reactivation model of arthritis in rats induced by injection with streptococcal cell walls. J. Leukoc. Biol. 63:359-363. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. [49]Soehnlein, O., L. Lindbom, and C. Weber. 2009. Mechanisms underlying neutrophil-mediated monocyte recruitment. Blood 114:4613-4623. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. [50]Steere, A. C., W. P. Batsford, M. Weinberg, J. Alexander, H. J. Berger, S. Wolfson, and S. E. Malawista. 1980. Lyme carditis: cardiac abnormalities of Lyme disease. Ann. Intern. Med. 93:8-16. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. [51]Szekanecz, Z., and A. Koch. 2008. Vascular involvement in rheumatic diseases: ‘vascular rheumatology.’ Arthritis Res. Ther. 10:224-233. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. [52]Vergunst, C. E., D. M. Gerlag, L. Lopatinskaya, L. Klareskog, M. D. Smith, F. van den Bosch, H. J. Dinant, Y. Lee, T. Wyant, E. W. Jacobson, D. Baeten, and P. P. Tak. 2008. Modulation of CCR2 in rheumatoid arthritis: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Arthritis Rheum. 58:1931-1939. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. [53]Weissmann, G., and H. Korchak. 1984. Rheumatoid arthritis. The role of neutrophil activation. Inflammation 8(Suppl.):S3-S14. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. [54]Wipke, B. T., and P. M. Allen. 2001. Essential role of neutrophils in the initiation and progression of a murine model of rheumatoid arthritis. J. Immunol. 167:1601-1608. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. [55]Xu, Q., S. V. Seemanapalli, K. E. Reif, C. R. Brown, and F. T. Liang. 2007. Increasing the recruitment of neutrophils to the site of infection dramatically attenuates Borrelia burgdorferi infectivity. J. Immunol. 178:5109-5115. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. [56]Zhou, J. S., W. Xing, D. S. Friend, K. F. Austen, and H. R. Katz. 2007. Mast cell deficiency in KitW-sh mice does not impair antibody-mediated arthritis. J. Exp. Med. 204:2797-2802. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Ritzman, A. M., Hughes-Hanks, J. M., Blaho, V. A., Wax, L. E., Mitchell, W. J., & Brown, C. R.
Affiliations
University of Missouri (US)
Corresponding author
Brown, Charles R.
ORCID
Venue
Infection and Immunity
Publisher
American Society for Microbiology
Published
2010-11
Volume
78
Issue
11
Pages
4593-4600
ISSN
  • 0019-9567 (ISSN-L)
  • 1098-5522
DOI
10.1128/iai.00798-10
PMC
PMC2976349
OpenAlex
W2108854943
Cited by
123
References
0
Citations by year
2026: 7 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 2
FWCI
2.22
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
journals.asm.org/non-commercial-tdm-license (tdm)
Locations
  • Infection and Immunity (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health
  • National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI059292, AI059292)
  • National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (R01AR052748, AR052748)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Chemokine receptors and signaling
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Vector-borne infectious diseases
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
Keywords
CXCL1, KC chemokine, CXCR2, neutrophil recruitment, Lyme arthritis, Lyme carditis, Borrelia burgdorferi, CXCL5, CXCL2, innate cytokines, joint inflammation
MeSH terms
Animals, Arthritis, Experimental, Disease Models, Animal, Female, Ligands, Lyme Disease, Male, Mice, Inbred C3H, Myocarditis, Neutrophils, Severity of Illness Index, Signal Transduction, Mice, Knockout, Neutrophil Infiltration, Receptors, Interleukin-8B, Borrelia burgdorferi, Mice, Chemokine CXCL1

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review