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Multidrug Efflux Pump AcrAB of Salmonella typhimurium Excretes Only Those β-Lactam Antibiotics Containing Lipophilic Side Chains
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We found that the previously reported SS-B drug-supersusceptible mutant of Salmonella typhimurium (S. Sukupolvi, M. Vaara, I. M. Helander, P. Viljanen, and P. H. Mäkelä, J. Bacteriol. 159:704–712, 1984) had a mutation in the acrAB operon. Comparison of this mutant with its parent strain and with an AcrAB-overproducing strain showed that the activity of the AcrAB efflux pump often produced significant resistance to β-lactam antibiotics in the complete absence of β-lactamase. The effect of AcrAB activity on resistance was more pronounced with agents containing more lipophilic side chains, suggesting that such compounds were better substrates for this pump. This correlation is consistent with the hypothesis that only those molecules that become at least partially partitioned into the lipid bilayer of the cytoplasmic membrane are captured by the AcrAB pump. According to this mechanism, the pump successfully excretes even those β-lactams that fail to traverse the cytoplasmic membrane, because these compounds are likely to become partitioned into the outer leaflet of the bilayer. Even the compounds with lipophilic side chains were shown to penetrate across the outer membrane relatively rapidly, if the pump was inactivated genetically or physiologically. The exclusion of such compounds, exemplified by nafcillin, from cells of the wild-type S. typhimurium was previously interpreted as the result of poor diffusion across the outer membrane (H. Nikaido, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 433:118–132, 1976), but it is now recognized as the consequence of efficient pumping out of entering antibiotics by the active efflux process.
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“Indeed, overexpression of the efflux pumps Cdr1, Cdr2, or Mdr1 is a common way adopted by C. albicans to detoxify itself from xenobiotics [100]; P. aeruginosa does the same with MexAB-OprM and MexXY-OprM [101], and S. enterica serovar Typhimurium increases the levels of AcrB to excrete β-lactam antibiotics [102].”
From Antimicrobial Properties of Antidepressants and Antipsychotics—Possibilities and Implications (2021) · cites this paper as [102]
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“Observations comparing efflux among different members of the -lactam class of antibiotics led to the conclusion that more hydrophobic compounds or ones with amphipathic character tend to be better substrates for the pump (47).”
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“For instance, lipophilic side chains are likely to be partitioned into the lipid bilayer of the cytoplasmic membrane, being substrates of the RND efflux pump system [29].”
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“Only a few reports have found a reduction in permeability to a beta-lactam drug, or an increase in its efflux, to be the resistance mechanism in Salmonella (2, 4, 7, 12, 14).”
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“Elevated resistance due to adeN disruption by ISAba1 AdeIJK efflux system has a wide range of substrates, which is very similar to those of the AcrAB-TolC and MexAB-OprM systems.(58,59) AdeIJK efflux pump system contributes to resistance toward b-lactams, chloram-”
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“Several Gram-negative organisms, especially Pseudomonas and Stenotrophomonas , have been reported to possess efflux pumps that may make a significant contribution to β -lactam resistance, including cephalosporins [41-46] .”
BackgroundQSAR study of β‐lactam antibiotic efflux by the bacterial multidrug resistance pump AcrB
Ferreira, M. M. C., & Kiralj, R. (2004) · Journal of Chemometrics · doi:10.1002/cem.867 · Cited by 23
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“It was previously reported that the RND transporter AcrAB-TolC complex and its homologue MexAB-OprM may capture substrates from the periplasm, because carbenicillin, which does not diffuse across the cell membrane, was effluxed by the AcrAB-TolC complex [41].”
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“pump, and this is consistent with what has been shown in previous studies.(19,28,33,34) Previous studies have also reported that efflux played a primary role in resistance to cefepime in P.”
ResultPereira, J. L., Volcão, L. M., Klafke, G. B., Vieira, R. S., Gonçalves, C. V., Ramis, I. B., da Silva, P. E. A., & von Groll, A. (2018) · Microbial Drug Resistance · doi:10.1089/mdr.2018.0046 · Cited by 19
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“Previous studies have suggested that the higher side chain lipophilicity of cefuroxime compared to cefotaxime explains why the AcrAB-TolC efflux pump complex would prefer cefuroxime as a substrate.(21,23) Because other studies have suggested down-regulation of porins as a cause of cefuroxime resistance, we also examin…”
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“Cefoxitin, which is more lipophilic than other cephalosporins, such as cefotaxime, and ciprofloxacin are susbstrates of the efflux pump of the RND type [3, 30].”
BackgroundMechanism of antibiotic efflux in Gram negative bacteria
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What do Proton Motive Force Driven Multidrug Resistance Transporters Have in Common?
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“Investigations of the susceptibility profiles of acrAB knockout strains and the AcrAB expressing WT strains of Salmonella typhimurium (Nikaido et al., 1998) and E.”
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“The protocol was adopted from the transport assays with BaiG from Eubacterium [Mallonee and Hylemon, 1996] and from assays of nafcillin uptake, a strongly hydrophobic penicillin, in Salmonella typhimurium [Nikaido et al., 1998].”
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“Clearly, AcrD appears to have a higher propensity to efflux more hydrophilic, dianionic β -lactams [91] compared to AcrAB-TolC [92], but it also transports the very hydrophobic compounds FUA [20, 91], NOV, SDS, and bile salts [20].”
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Källman, O., Fendukly, F., Karlsson, I., & Kronvall, G. (2003) · Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1080/00365540310014639 · Cited by 15
“In a study regarding efflux in Salmonella typhimurium the effect of AcrAB activity on b-lactam resistance was most pronounced with agents containing more lipophilic side-chains (19).”
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“Structural biology studies of the RND efflux pump protein (29, 56, 57) in Escherichia coli ( E. coli ), a homolog of MexB in P. aeruginosa , suggest that the pump protein of the efflux pump captures unwanted molecules from both the outer and inner leaflets of the cytoplasmic membrane so that it can…”
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“In fact, for a long time, the only useful known trait of the AcrA-AcrB-TolC efflux pump was that it transports hydrophobic molecules more easily [24].”
InfluentialEngineering Bacterial Efflux Pumps for Solar-Powered Bioremediation of Surface Waters
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“Typhimurium.(29) The tripartite multidrug efflux pump is structurally composed of three essential components, including adaptor AcrA (membrane fusion protein), crystal structure of AcrB (transporter protein), and cylinder-like structure of TolC (outer membrane channel).”
Shu, R., Liu, G., Xu, Y., Liu, B., Huang, Z., & Wang, H. (2024) · Antibiotics · doi:10.3390/antibiotics13121146 · Cited by 11
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“Importantly, AcrAB and other RND efflux systems are also effective mediators of antibiotic resistance (Ma et al , 1994; Nikaido et al , 1998; Riera et al , 2011; Kosmidis et al , 2012; Nowak et al , 2015; Lin et al , 2017) and have previously been targeted to develop drugs that inhibit antibiotic…”
Musik, J. E., Zalucki, Y. M., Day, C. J., & Jennings, M. P. (2021) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes · doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2021.183768 · Cited by 9
Role, Structure, and Function of Multidrug Efflux Pumps in Gram-Negative Bacteria
Nikaido, H. (2014) · ASM Press eBooks · doi:10.1128/9781555817572.ch19 · Cited by 9
Self-citationKhattar, Z. A., Lanois, A., Hadchity, L., Gaudriault, S., & Givaudan, A. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0212077 · Cited by 9
Thekkiniath, J., Ravirala, R. S., & Francisco, M. S. (2016) · Progress in molecular biology and translational science · doi:10.1016/bs.pmbts.2016.05.011 · Cited by 8
Moreira, M. A. S., Rodrigues, P. P. C. F., Tomaz, R. S., & de Moraes, C. A. (2009) · Brazilian Journal of Microbiology · doi:10.1590/s1517-83822009000200007 · Cited by 8
“coli and it is responsible for the acquisition of multiple antimicrobial resistance, including resistance to tetracycline, chloramphenicol, fluoroquinolones, fusidic acid, lipophilic beta-lactams antibiotics, nalidixic acid, novobiocin and rifamicin (21,22).”
BackgroundAntimicrobial Drug Efflux Pumps in Salmonella
Nishino, K. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-39658-3_10 · Cited by 8
Cuesta-Bernal, J., El-Delik, J., Göttig, S., & Pos, K. M. (2021) · Antibiotics · doi:10.3390/antibiotics10121494 · Cited by 8
“Amongst the antimicrobials for which AcrD conferred less susceptibility, lipophilicity showed a wide distribution on the basis of the logarithm of the partition coefficient, logP [34].”
BackgroundMolecular determinants of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella enterica antibiotic resistance
Pavlova, A. S., Bocharova, Y. A., Kuleshov, K. V., Podkolzin, A. T., & Chebotar, I. V. (2021) · Journal of microbiology epidemiology immunobiology · doi:10.36233/0372-9311-140 · Cited by 7
“enterica реализуется посредством гиперактивности эффлюкс-систем AcrAB-TolC [13, 14].”
InfluentialElkins, C. A., & Beenken, K. E. (2005) · Journal of Chemotherapy · doi:10.1179/joc.2005.17.6.581 · Cited by 7
RND/HAE-1 members in the Pseudomonadota phylum: exploring multidrug resistance
Gomes, V. M. S., Bulla, A. C. S., Torres, P. H. M., & da Silva, M. L. (2025) · Biophysical Reviews · doi:10.1007/s12551-025-01297-8 · Cited by 7
Çoban, A. Y., & Durupınar, B. (2003) · Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz · doi:10.1590/s0074-02762003000300023 · Cited by 6
“Nikaido et al. (1998) re- ported that SS-B drug-supersusceptible mutant of S. typhimurium had a mutation in the acrAB operon.”
BackgroundBarbosa, T. M., & Pomposiello, P. J. (2014) · ASM Press eBooks · doi:10.1128/9781555817572.ch15 · Cited by 6
QSAR Studies on Bacterial Efflux Pump Inhibitors
Thai, K., Do, T.-N., Nguyen, T.-V.-P., Nguyen, D.-K.-T., & Tran, T. (2015) · Advances in chemical and materials engineering book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-8136-1.ch007 · Cited by 5
Brown, D. C., & Turner, R. J. (2020) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.02181-20 · Cited by 5
Roldan, B. J., Pajarillo, A. O., Greenberg, J. D., Karlinsey, J. E., Cafiero, M., Frawley, E. R., & Peterson, L. W. (2019) · Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.126875 · Cited by 5
Resistance of Gram-Negative Bacilli to Antimicrobials
Bradford, P. A., & Dean, C. R. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-72418-8_4 · Cited by 4
Kiralj, R., & Ferreira, M. M. C. (2006) · Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling · doi:10.1016/j.jmgm.2005.10.010 · Cited by 4
Active Drug Efflux in Bacteria
Dreier, J. (2014) · ASM Press eBooks · doi:10.1128/9781555815615.ch15 · Cited by 4
Molecular subtyping and antibiotic resistance analysis of Salmonella species
Tatavarthy, A. (2005) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) · Cited by 3
Yamanaka, H., & Okamoto, K. (2000) · Microbiology and Immunology · doi:10.1111/j.1348-0421.2000.tb02523.x · Cited by 3
Françoise Van Bambeke, A., Glupczynski, Y., Plésiat, P., Pechère, J. C., Tulkens, P. M., & Minjoz, J. (2003) · Cited by 2
Liao, C., Lo, H., Peng, W.-T., Song, W.-L., Du, S., & Hsiao, Y. (2017) · Current Microbiology · doi:10.1007/s00284-017-1328-5 · Cited by 2
“The acr genes have been documented in several bacteria, such as Edwardsiella tarda [23], Erwinia amylovora [6, 42], Escherichia coli [17, 29, 33, 34, 37, 38, 45], Klebsiella pneumoniae [35, 41, 47], and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium [16, 39, 40].”
BackgroundGaurav, A., Sharma, A., & Pathania, R. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-8503-2_8 · Cited by 2
Chitsaz, M., Gupta, V., Harris, B. D. W., O’Mara, M. L., & Brown, M. H. (2021) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.01675-21 · Cited by 2
“Presence of a hydrophobic domain on the molecule or hydrophobicity per se seems to be a common feature of MtrD substrates (7, 45, 46) and suggests that they interact with the IM-periplasm interface before they are captured and exported by MtrD (45).”
Backgroundda Silva, L. V., da Silva, P. E. A., Machado, K., Dutra, N., & Lybrand, T. P. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/339242 · Cited by 2
“285 Independent proposals suggest that AcrB captures ligands directly from the 286 cytoplasm (26) or from the outer leaflet of the cytoplasmic membrane (20).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Nikaido, H., Basina, M., Nguyen, V., & Rosenberg, E. Y.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Bacteriology
- Publisher
- American Society for Microbiology
- Published
- 1998-09
- Volume
- 180
- Issue
- 17
- Pages
- 4686-4692
- ISSN
- 0021-9193 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-5530
- PMC
- PMC107484
- OpenAlex
- W1909542718
- Cited by
- 224
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 5.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Bacteriology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R37AI009644, R01AI009644, AI 09644)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Microbiology (medical) › Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Drug Transport and Resistance Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology
- Keywords
- AcrAB efflux pump, multidrug efflux, Salmonella typhimurium, beta-lactam antibiotics, antibiotic resistance, lipophilic side chains, membrane partitioning, outer membrane permeability, nafcillin
- MeSH terms
- Anti-Bacterial Agents, Bacterial Proteins, Cephalosporins, DNA-Binding Proteins, Drug Resistance, Microbial, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Mutation, Nafcillin, Phenotype, Salmonella typhimurium, Transduction, Genetic
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