The DOI matches its Crossref record; 61 of the 61 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Bacillus anthracis IsdG, a Heme-Degrading Monooxygenase
Open accessAbstract
Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, utilizes hemin and hemoglobin for growth in culture, suggesting that these host molecules serve as sources for the nutrient iron during bacterial infection. Bioinformatic analyses of the B. anthracis genome revealed genes with similarity to the iron-regulated surface determinant (isd) system responsible for heme uptake in Staphylococcus aureus. We show that the protein product of one of these genes, isdG, binds hemin in a manner resembling the heme binding of known heme oxygenases. Formation of IsdG:hemin complexes in the presence of a suitable electron donor, e.g., ascorbate or cytochrome P450 reductase, promotes catalytic degradation of hemin to biliverdin with concomitant release of iron. IsdG is required for B. anthracis utilization of hemin as a sole iron source, and it is also necessary for bacterial protection against heme-mediated toxicity. These data suggest that IsdG functions as a heme-degrading monooxygenase in B. anthracis.
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In the citing paper
“The Bacillus anthracis Isd proteins include IsdX1 and IsdX2, which are secreted haemophores that bind haemoglobin, haptoglobin-haemoglobin or haem 33-35 .”
From Nutritional immunity: the battle for nutrient metals at the host–pathogen interface (2022) · cites this paper as [35]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“IsdDEF transports heme across the membrane for utilization by IsdG, an orthologue of the S. aureus heme oxygenase [133].”
From Heme Synthesis and Acquisition in Bacterial Pathogens (2016) · cites this paper as [133]
In the citing paper
“IsdG-family heme oxygenases have been characterized in S. lugdunensis, Bacillus anthracis, Bradyrhizobium japonicum, Brucella melitensis, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis [46, 50, 56–58].”
From A battle for iron: host sequestration and Staphylococcus aureus acquisition (2012) · cites this paper as [58]
In the citing paper
“While IsdG orthologs from each of these bacteria have been shown to bind and degrade heme, differences do exist.”
From A battle for iron: host sequestration and Staphylococcus aureus acquisition (2012) · cites this paper as [58]
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Iron in infection and immunity
Cassat, J. E., & Skaar, E. P. (2013) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2013.04.010 · Cited by 1,214
Self-citationCondition-Dependent Transcriptome Reveals High-Level Regulatory Architecture in Bacillus subtilis
Nicolas, P., Mäder, U., Dervyn, E., Rochat, T., Leduc, A., Pigeonneau, N., Bidnenko, E., Marchadier, E., Hoebeke, M., Aymerich, S., et al. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1206848 · Cited by 910
Nutritional immunity: the battle for nutrient metals at the host–pathogen interface
Murdoch, C. C., & Skaar, E. P. (2022) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41579-022-00745-6 · Cited by 701
Self-citationHeme Synthesis and Acquisition in Bacterial Pathogens
Choby, J. E., & Skaar, E. P. (2016) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2016.03.018 · Cited by 343
Self-citationAlmeida, R. S., Brunke, S., Albrecht, A., Thewes, S., Laue, M., Edwards, J. E., Filler, S. G., & Hube, B. (2008) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000217 · Cited by 330
Metadata
- Authors
- Skaar, E. P., Gaspar, A. H., & Schneewind, O.
- Affiliations
- University of Chicago (US)
- Corresponding author
- Schneewind, Olaf
- Venue
- Journal of Bacteriology
- Publisher
- American Society for Microbiology
- Published
- 2006-02
- Volume
- 188
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 1071-1080
- ISSN
- 0021-9193 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-5530
- PMC
- PMC1347327
- OpenAlex
- W2140572324
- Cited by
- 123
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 3 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 5.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Bacteriology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- American Heart Association
- Great Lakes Regional Center of Excellence for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases Research (057153)
- U.S. Public Health Service
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (U54AI057153, AI38897, AI52474, R01AI038897, R01AI052474)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Bacillus and Francisella bacterial research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Hemoglobin structure and function
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology
- Keywords
- Bacillus anthracis, heme oxygenase, iron acquisition, heme binding, biliverdin, hemoglobin, anthrax
- MeSH terms
- Amino Acid Sequence, Bacillus anthracis, Heme, Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing), Iron, Molecular Sequence Data, Oxygenases
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