A CO 2 sensing module modulates β-1,3-glucan exposure in Candida albicans
Open accessAbstract
Our innate immune defenses have evolved to protect us against microbial infection in part via receptor-mediated detection of “pathogen-associated molecular patterns” (PAMPs) expressed by invading microbes, which then triggers their immune clearance. Despite this surveillance, many microbial species are able to colonize healthy, immune-competent individuals, without causing infection. To do so, these microbes must evade immunity. The commensal fungus Candida albicans exploits a variety of strategies to evade immunity, one of which involves reducing the exposure of a proinflammatory PAMP (β-1,3-glucan) at its cell surface. Most of the β-1,3-glucan is located in the inner layer of the C. albicans cell wall, hidden by an outer layer of mannan fibrils. Nevertheless, some β-1,3-glucan can become exposed at the fungal cell surface. However, in response to certain specific host signals, such as lactate or hypoxia, C. albican s activates an anticipatory protective response that decreases β-1,3-glucan exposure, thereby reducing the susceptibility of the fungus to impending innate immune attack. Here, we exploited the natural phenotypic variability of C. albicans clinical isolates to identify strains that do not display the response to β-1,3-glucan masking signals observed for the reference isolate, SC5314. Then, using genome-wide transcriptional profiling, we compared these non-responsive isolates with responsive controls to identify genes potentially involved in β-1,3-glucan masking. Mutational analysis of these genes revealed that a sensing module that was previously associated with CO 2 sensing also modulates β-1,3-glucan exposure in response to hypoxia and lactate in this major fungal pathogen of humans.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
A CSP is well documented in other fungal species.
“a CSP is well documented in other fungal species24,28,29,48,50”
From Candida auris skin tropism and antifungal resistance are mediated by carbonic anhydrase Nce103 (2025) · cites this paper as [28]
The Discussion (page not available) says the Sch9-Rca1-Nce103 CO₂-sensing module is conserved in evolutionarily divergent yeasts, supporting the existence of a related pathway beyond Candida albicans. Our copy does not use or define “CSP,” so it cannot establish that this is the pathway the citing sentence means or that it is well documented across other fungal species. (LLM, conf=0.70)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredFungi sense CO2 by generating bicarbonate ions or directly through the type 2C-related protein phosphatase Ptc2, with a single orthologue B9J08_003504 in C. auris.
“Fungi sense CO2 by generating bicarbonate ions28–30 or directly through the type 2C-related protein phosphatase Ptc231, with a single orthologue B9J08_003504 in C. auris32.”
From Candida auris skin tropism and antifungal resistance are mediated by carbonic anhydrase Nce103 (2025) · cites this paper as [28]
Citation 32 is attached to the claim that C. auris has a single Ptc2 orthologue, B9J08_003504. The Discussion describes bicarbonate-based CO2 sensing in C. albicans, but searches for Ptc2, the gene identifier, and the C. auris orthologue found no passage addressing that claim in our copy. No page numbers were available for the indexed passages. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
The citation lists haven’t been fetched yet
References 86 · Cited by 15
- Authors
- Avelar, G. M., Pradhan, A., Ma, Q., Hickey, E., Leaves, I., Liddle, C., Rodriguez Rondon, A. V., Kaune, A.-K., Shaw, S., Maufrais, C., Sertour, N., Bain, J. M., Larcombe, D. E., de Assis, L. J., Netea, M. G., Munro, C. A., Childers, D. S., Erwig, L. P., Brown, G. D., Gow, N. A. R., Bougnoux, M.-E., d'Enfert, C., & Brown, A. J. P.
- Affiliations
- University of Aberdeen (GB)
- University of Exeter (GB)
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
- Institut Pasteur (FR)
- University of Bonn (DE)
- Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades (FR)
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INRAe USC2019, Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, Paris, France
- Corresponding author
- Brown, Alistair J. P.
- ORCID
- Avelar, Gabriela M.
- Pradhan, Arnab
- Ma, Qinxi
- Hickey, Emer
- Leaves, Ian
- Liddle, Corin
- Kaune, Ann-Kristin
- Shaw, Sophie
- Maufrais, Corinne
- Bain, Judith M.
- Larcombe, Daniel E.
- Netea, Mihai G.
- Munro, Carol A.
- Childers, Delma S.
- Erwig, Lars P.
- Brown, Gordon D.
- Gow, Neil A. R.
- Bougnoux, Marie-Elisabeth
- d'Enfert, Christophe
- Brown, Alistair J. P.
- Venue
- mBio
- Publisher
- American Society for Microbiology
- Published
- 2024-02-14
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- e0189823-e0189823
- ISSN
- 2150-7511 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10865862
- OpenAlex
- W4391133188
- Cited by
- 15
- References
- 86
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 2
- FWCI
- 2.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- mBio (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- PEARL (University of Plymouth) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Aberdeen University Research Archive (Aberdeen University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- PEARL (University of Plymouth) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- UKRI | Medical Research Council (MR/M026663/1 MR/M026663/2, MR/N006364/1, MR/N006364/2)
- European Commission (H2020-MSCA-ITN-2018-812969)
- Wellcome Trust (075470 086827 093378 097377 099197 101873 102705 200208 217163 224323)
- Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID)
- Swiss national Science Foundation (Sinergia CRSII5_173863 /1)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Fungal and yeast genetics research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antifungal resistance and susceptibility
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Fungal Infections and Studies
- Keywords
- Candida albicans, β-1,3-glucan, carbon dioxide detection, innate immune evasion, pathogen-associated molecular patterns, hypoxia, lactate, genome-wide transcriptional profiling
- MeSH terms
- Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern Molecules, Hypoxia, Candida albicans, Carbon Dioxide, Cell Wall, Glucans, Humans, Lactates, beta-Glucans
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
