Mechanisms of gene regulation in the general control of amino acid biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Abstract

INTRODUCTION .............................................................................. 248 GENERAL AMINO ACID CONTROL IN S. CEREVISIAE ...........................................................249 Derepression Signal ............................................................................... 249 Amino Acid Biosynthetic Enzymes Subject to General Amino Acid Control ....................................250 Interplay between Pathway-Specific Regulation and General Amino Acid Control............................251 Arginine biosynthetic enzymes .............................................................................. 251 Lysine biosynthetic enzymes .............................................................................. 251 Leucine biosynthetic enzymes.............................................................................. 251 Isoleucine-valine biosynthetic enzymes .............................................................................. 252 Glutamine biosynthetic enzymes .............................................................................. 252 Histidine biosynthetic enzymes .............................................................................. 252 Consequences of General Control-Mediated Derepression of Enzyme Activity on Amino Acid Pools.....252 cis-ACTING REGULATORY ELEMENTS AT STRUCTURAL GENES SUBJECT TO THE GENERAL CONTROL .............................................................................. 253 HIS4 Regulatory Region .............................................................................. 253 HIS3 Regulatory Region .............................................................................. 256 TRP5 Regulatory Region............................................................................... 257 HISS Regulatory Region .............................................................................. 258 ARG3 Regulatory Region .............................................................................. 258 Other Structural Genes .............................................................................. 258 trans-ACTING REGULATORY FACTORS IN GENERAL AMINO ACID CONTROL........................258 GCN4 Encodes the Most Direct Positive Regulator in the General Control System ...........................258 GCN4 Protein Binds to the TGACTC Regulatory Sequences........................................................260 GCN and GCD Factors That Function as Translational Regulators of GCN4 Expression....................262 Translational Control of GCN4 Expression Requires the Upstream AUG Codons .............................264 Translational Control of GCN4 and the Scanning Hypothesis for Translation Initiation .....................266 Comparison of Translational Control Mechanisms for GCN4 and CPAI .........................................267 Pleiotropy of gcd Mutations .............................................................................. 267 Transcriptional Control of GCN4.............................................................................. 269 GENERAL AMINO ACID CONTROL IN OTHER FUNGI AND IN BACTERIA ..............................269 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .............................................................................. 270 LITERATURE CITED.............................................................................. 270