Cenozoic migration of topography in the North American Cordillera

“For example, the uplift of the North American Cordillera predates that of the QTP by several millions of years (Mix et al., 2011), making it a potential source of pre-adapted lineages to colonise the QTP by long-distance dispersal or migration, possibly via the Bering Strait.”

“Three representative time slices are based on information from [46,47,74].”

“Although these distant Cretaceous landscapes are often discussed as though they were homogenous, landscapes did exhibit topographic heterogeneity and coastal and interior climates added to this heterogeneity (Mix et al. 2011).”

“, 2014), and the uplift of mountain belts (Mulch et al., 2006; Mix et al., 2011; Fan et al., 2014; Caves et al., 2014).”

“…(e.g., Cassel et al., 2009, 2014; Chamberlain et al., 1999; Dettman and Lohmann, 2000; Garzione et al., 2008; Lawrence and Rashkes Meaux, 1993; Leier et al., 2013; Mix et al., 2011; Mulch et al., 2008; Polissar et al., 2009; Rowley and Currie, 2006; Rowley et al., 2001; Saylor et al., 2009).”

“Numerous paleoaltimetry measurements based on oxygen isotope geochemistry suggest that western North America was relatively high, on the order of 3 – 4 km, since the early Cenozoic (e.g. Mix et al., 2011).”

“…that Basin and Range extensional stresses were not recorded in microcracks in granites until after about 20 Ma. (8) Stable isotope data (e.g., Mix et al., 2011; Folkes et al., 2013; Cassel et al., 2014) indicate that the high (~3.5 km) elevations of the Great Basin altiplano persisted to the…”

“Although Mix et al. (2011) conceded that a late Mesozoic Nevadaplano highland may have formed as a result of crustal thickening from contraction, they interpreted most uplift to be in the Eocene and that maximum elevations were reached in the Eocene– Oligocene.”

“The northwestern part of the eroded area may have been contiguous with an area of middle Eocene uplift in the Idaho region that formed in response to southward-migrating magmatism and extension, as suggested by stable isotope data (e.g., Mix et al., 2011).”

“The uplift history of 373 North America is controversial although a recent isotope study suggests high elevations by 374 the Eocene-Oligocene (Mix et al. 2011), which is broadly reflected by the prescribed 375 elevation in our model (75% of the modern; Herold et al. 2008).”

“…Cenozoic Nevadaplano were not attained until the late Eocene–early Oligocene, following an Eocene southward sweep of surface uplift concomitant with north-to-south removal of the Farallon slab and associated surface magmatism [e.g., Horton et al., 2004; Mix et al., 2011; Chamberlain et al., 2012].”

“…postLaramide removal of dense lower lithosphere and/or the subducting Farallon slab (e.g., Platt and England, 1993; Humphreys, 1995; Sonder and Jones, 1999; Horton et al., 2004; Mix et al., 2011), and new models of Cordilleran orogenesis that predict multiple cycles of surface uplift Figure 4.”

“Together with results from metamorphic core complexes in the northern North American Cordillera (e.g., Shuswap and Kettle [ Mulch et al. , 2004, 2007]; Raft River [ Gottardi et al. , 2011]) microstructural and isotopic evidence summarized in this paper demonstrates that meteoric hydrothermal systems represent key feat…”

“Although several workers have inferredmultiple kilometers of surface uplift to result from rollback and delamination in the hinterland (Chamberlain et al., 2012; Feng et al., 2013; Mix et al., 2011), our paleoelevations show that (1) high topography was preexisting across the Cordilleran hinterland of Utah and Nevada…”

“…not account for other possible far fi eld induced epeirogenic effects that may have operated through the Cenozoic on the U.S. Cordillera as a whole (cf. Suppe et al., 1975; Unruh, Geosphere, December 2012 1303 1991; Humphreys, 1995, 2008; Lowry et al., 2000; Pierce et al., 2002; Mix et al., 2011).”

“LaGarry, H.E., 1998, Lithostratigraphic revision and redescription of the Brule Formation (White River Group) of northwestern Nebraska, in Terry, D.O., Jr., LaGarry, H.E., Hunt, R.M., Jr., eds., Depositional Environments, Lithostratigraphy, and Biostratigraphy of the White River and Arikaree Groups (Late Eocene to Ear…”

“Over the past decade, large orogenic plateaus have been the major focus of paleoaltimetry studies (e.g., Garzione et al., 2000, 2008; Mix et al., 2011; Rowley and Currie, 2006) in an attempt to couple deformation histories and geody- * Corresponding author.”

“…of sedimentary material recording signatures of ancient meteoric water, many paleoaltimetry studies incorporate isotopic records more than 100 km behind the uplifted barrier (Kohn et al., 2002; Mix et al., 2011; Poage & Chamberlain, 2002; Takeuchi & Larson, 2005; Winograd et al., 1985).”

“In the SWEEP model, uplift was diachronous, occurring ca. 49 Ma in British Columbia to Montana, and ca. 40 Ma in central Nevada (Mix et al., 2011).”

“These processes produced a rugged, high-elevation landscape, setting the stage for later topographic and habitat diversity (Mix et al. 2011; Chamberlain et al. 2012).”

“A vast body of stable isotope paleoaltimetry data for western North America is seemingly at odds with such models as stable isotope data for early Cenozoic (65–50 Ma) rocks do not show evidence for arid, high elevation continental interiors (e.g. Mix et al., 2011; Chamberlain et al., in press).”

“From the tectonic history ( Bryant et al., 1981 ; Mix et al., 2011 ; Frisch et al., 2011 ) and inferred paleoelevation for the Front Range at the EoceneOligocene boundary ( Meyer, 2001 ), it can be assumed that climatic conditions in the Front Range were as complex as today.”

“Lacustrine carbonate oxygen isotope records have been also used in isotopebased paleoelevation models exploiting the systematic relationship between oxygen isotopes in precipitation and surface elevation (e.g., Currie et al. 2005; Garzione et al. 2008; Mix et al. 2011; Campani et al. 2012).”

“…3 SEP 2019 Accepted article online 6 SEP 2019 FERNANDES ET AL – Published online 27 NOV 2019 2689 time‐dependent thermal anomalies within the upper mantle (e.g., Chamberlain et al., 2012; Flowers et al., 2008; Huntington et al., 2010; Karlstrom et al., 2008; Mix et al., 2011; Sahagian, 1987).”

“, 2012), and the uplift of the Rocky Mountain range (Mix et al., 2010) appear to have constantly favored an increase in the proportion of taxa with higher molar crowns.”

“Extinction of the genus in North America might be related to the cooling initiated during the Eocene–Oligocene transition and drying due to the uplift of Rocky Mountains (Manchester 1987; Graham 1993; Retallack et al. 2004; Mix et al. 2011; Fan et al. 2014).”

“Vapor recycling and closure of the hydrologic system are important features of both the early Cenozoic and the modern hydrologic regime in western North America, particularly in the Basin and Range where the hydrologic balance changes from open west of the Sierra Nevada to closed east of the Sierran crest (Ingraham an…”

“Three lines of evidence suggest that the dispersal event was likely to the west coast of North America or Mexico.”

“These data are important as they are one of the few basins with somewhat continuous Cenozoic sedimentation providing a key datum on the progressive north to south topographic response associated with the removal of the Farallon slab or piecemeal remove of the mantle lithosphere (Carroll et al., 2008; Mix et al., 2011;…”

“The assumption of lower topography, however, is not supported by paleoaltimetry studies of the US, which show that large-scale topography reached modern elevations by the early Miocene (e.g., Mulch et al., 2006; Mix et al., 2011; Chamberlain et al., 2012).”

“Crustal extensional was partly concurrent with the southward migration of arc magmatism in the Cordillera hinterland (Humphreys, 1995), in particular the Absoroka–Challis–Kamloops volcanic field (Schmandt and Humphreys, 2011), thus may be associated with the southward removal of the subducting Farallon plate (Mix et a…”

“A major implication of our remapping and more detailed dating of the section is that the measured isotopic shift reported by Horton et al. (2004), Mix et al. (2011), Chamberlain et al. (2012), and Mulch et al. (2015) is no longer constrained to have occurred in the Eocene, but could have taken…”

“However, extinction of the mastixioids in North America after the Eocene might be related to the cooling initiated during in the Eocene–Oligocene transition and drying due to the uplift of Rocky Mountains (Graham 1993; Retallack et al., 2004; Mix et al., 2011; Fan et al. 2014).”

“…Sissingh (2003) for the Tethys region, van Hinsbergen et al. (2012) and Torsvik et al. (2012) for the Indian–South Asian region and the position of Africa and South America, McQuarrie and van Hinsbergen (2013) for the Arabian region, and Mix et al. (2011) for the elevation of Western North America.”

“These paleoelevation estimates, which are based on stable isotope compositions of carbonates, volcanic glass, and shear zone micas, and paleoflora analysis range from 2.2–4.9 km (Foster‐Baril, 2017; Mix et al., 2011; Mulch et al., 2007; Smith SAYLOR ET AL.”

“…reasons: (i) much of the western US is tectonically active over the same period of time and/or is influenced by Basin and Range tectonics ( 15 , 17 – 19 ); (ii) although this tectonic activity does not lead to extensive increases in area during extension as experienced in the Basin and…”

“All Rights Reserved. et al., 2010; Mix et al., 2011; Chamberlain et al., 2012; Feng et al., 2013].”

“…at the highest latitudes; however, any existing trend is complicated by the post-early Eocene uplift of the North American Cordillera which likely amplified the offset between Eocene and modern δ18O at many of the terrestrial proxy localities [Mix et al., 2011; Chamberlain et al., 2012] (Figure 2).”

“…in continental-scale topography because they can record paleoelevation (e.g., Garzione et al., 2000; Rowley and Currie, 2006; DeCelles et al., 2007;Mix et al., 2011), drainage reorganization (e.g., Carroll et al., 2008; Davis et al., 2008, 2009; Doebbert et al., 2009; Kent-Corson et al., 2010),…”

“Mix, H.T., Mulch, A., Kent-Corson, M.L., and Chamberlain, C.P., 2011, Cenozoic migration of topography in the North American Cordillera: Geology, v. 39, p. 87–90, doi: 10.1130 /G31450.”

“Both the central Rockies and the Cordilleran hinterland underwent at least 1 km of uplift during the late Eocene (Mix et al., 2011; Cather et al., 2012; Chamberlain et al., 2012; Fan et al., 2014a, 2014b).”

“Cortinarius cinnabarinus and C. coccineus occur in hardwood forests of Europe, C. hesleri is found in mixed forests of hardwoods and conifers in eastern North America, and C. californicus is a species of mixed and coniferous forests in western North America (Smith 1939; Moser 1974; Keller and Ammirati 1983; Ammirati a…”

“12 of 21 stretched and collapsed in the middle Miocene (Chamberlain et al., 2012; Mix et al., 2011).”

“, 2011; Fricke, 2003; Morrill & Koch, 2002), some data suggest surface uplift in the Cordillera in the earliest Eocene (Feng & Poulsen, 2016; Mix et al., 2011).”

“However, a period of relatively rapid uplift began in the Eocene (Mix et al., 2011) and continued rapidly until c. 5 Ma (Davis, 2005).”

“This trend corresponds well to both timing of uplift of the Piceance Basin (Mix et al., 2011; Smith et al., 2014), and of global cooling and long-term pCO2 decrease from the early Eocene to the Neogene (Zachos et al., 2001; Beerling & Royer, 2011).”

“Schizodontomys harkseni MacDonald (1970), Rensberger (1973a) andMunthe (1981) Specimens”