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Statistic Notes: Regression towards the mean
Open accessAbstract
The statistical term “regression,” from a Latin root meaning “going back,” was first used by Francis Galton in his paper “Regression towards Mediocrity in Hereditary Stature.”1 Galton related the heights of children to the average height of their parents, which he called the mid- parent height (figure). Children and parents had the same mean height of 68.2 inches. The ranges differed, however, because the mid-parent height was an average of two …
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“Further, the changes in the training cohorts might be partially attributed to regression towards the mean67.”
From Voluntary upregulation of heart rate variability through biofeedback is improved by mental contemplative training (2019) · cites this paper as [67]
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“In early stages of research39,40, No Treatment controls may be very appropriate in order to evaluate intervention effects beyond the passage of time and related confounds (e.g., regression to the mean)41.”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Bland, J. M., & Altman, D. G.
- Affiliations
- St George's Hospital (GB)
- St George's, University of London (GB)
- ORCID
- Altman, D G
- Venue
- BMJ
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 1994-06-04
- Volume
- 308
- Issue
- 6942
- Pages
- 1499
- ISSN
- 0007-1447 (ISSN-L)
- 0959-8138
- 1468-5833
- PMC
- PMC2540330
- OpenAlex
- W142956752
- Cited by
- 547
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 27
- FWCI
- 3.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.bmj.com/company/legal-information/terms-conditions/legal-information/tdm-licencepolicy (tdm)
- Locations
- BMJ (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Probabilistic Statistics in Medicine
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Probability and Statistical Research
- Keywords
- Francis Galton
- MeSH terms
- Body Height, Humans, Regression Analysis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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