The DOI matches its Crossref record; 28 of the 28 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Risk of venous thromboembolism from use of oral contraceptives containing different progestogens and oestrogen doses: Danish cohort study, 2001-9
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To assess the risk of venous thromboembolism from use of combined oral contraceptives according to progestogen type and oestrogen dose. DESIGN: National historical registry based cohort study. SETTING: Four registries in Denmark. PARTICIPANTS: Non-pregnant Danish women aged 15-49 with no history of thrombotic disease and followed from January 2001 to December 2009. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Relative and absolute risks of first time venous thromboembolism. RESULTS: Within 8,010,290 women years of observation, 4307 first ever venous thromboembolic events were recorded and 4246 included, among which 2847 (67%) events were confirmed as certain. Compared with non-users of hormonal contraception, the relative risk of confirmed venous thromboembolism in users of oral contraceptives containing 30-40 µg ethinylestradiol with levonorgestrel was 2.9 (95% confidence interval 2.2 to 3.8), with desogestrel was 6.6 (5.6 to 7.8), with gestodene was 6.2 (5.6 to 7.0), and with drospirenone was 6.4 (5.4 to 7.5). With users of oral contraceptives with levonorgestrel as reference and after adjusting for length of use, the rate ratio of confirmed venous thromboembolism for users of oral contraceptives with desogestrel was 2.2 (1.7 to 3.0), with gestodene was 2.1 (1.6 to 2.8), and with drospirenone was 2.1 (1.6 to 2.8). The risk of confirmed venous thromboembolism was not increased with use of progestogen only pills or hormone releasing intrauterine devices. If oral contraceptives with desogestrel, gestodene, or drospirenone are anticipated to increase the risk of venous thromboembolism sixfold and those with levonorgestrel threefold, and the absolute risk of venous thromboembolism in current users of the former group is on average 10 per 10,000 women years, then 2000 women would need to shift from using oral contraceptives with desogestrel, gestodene, or drospirenone to those with levonorgestrel to prevent one event of venous thromboembolism in one year. CONCLUSION: After adjustment for length of use, users of oral contraceptives with desogestrel, gestodene, or drospirenone were at least at twice the risk of venous thromboembolism compared with users of oral contraceptives with levonorgestrel.
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“Despite being 3 to 4 times more frequent, venous thrombotic events are much less severe than arterial thrombotic events, which are more associated with the EE dose than with the progestin type [67].”
From Endometriosis and Medical Therapy: From Progestogens to Progesterone Resistance to GnRH Antagonists: A Review (2021) · cites this paper as [67]
In the citing paper
“progestin-only preparations (NETA and desogestrel pills) were not shown to increase the risk of venous thromboembolism [67].”
From Endometriosis and Medical Therapy: From Progestogens to Progesterone Resistance to GnRH Antagonists: A Review (2021) · cites this paper as [67]
In the citing paper
“There is an increased risk of venous or arterial embolism [65,66,67].”
From Endometriosis and Medical Therapy: From Progestogens to Progesterone Resistance to GnRH Antagonists: A Review (2021) · cites this paper as [67]
In the citing paper
“The side effects of estroprogestins are essentially related to the type of progestin used [67].”
From Endometriosis and Medical Therapy: From Progestogens to Progesterone Resistance to GnRH Antagonists: A Review (2021) · cites this paper as [67]
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Jick, H., Jick, S. S., Myers, M. W., Vasilakis‐Scaramozza, C., & Gurewich, V. (1995) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(95)91928-7 · Cited by 721
Hormonal contraception and risk of venous thromboembolism: national follow-up study
Lidegaard, O., Lokkegaard, E., Svendsen, A. L., & Agger, C. (2009) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.b2890 · Cited by 709
Vlieg, A. V. H., Helmerhorst, F. M., Vandenbroucke, J. P., Doggen, C. J. M., & Rosendaal, F. R. (2009) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.b2921 · Cited by 661
Spitzer, W. O., Lewis, M. A., Heinemann, L. A. J., Thorogood, M., & MacRae, K. D. (1996) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.312.7023.83 · Cited by 590
Bloemenkamp, K. W. M., Helmerhorst, F. M., Rosendaal, F. R., Vandenbroucke, J. P., & Buller, H. R. (1995) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(95)91929-5 · Cited by 576
Dinger, J. C., Heinemann, L. A. J., & Kühl-Habich, D. (2007) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2006.12.019 · Cited by 472
Poulter, N. R., Cl, C., Farley, T., Meirik, O., & Marmot, M. G. (1995) · PubMed · Cited by 404
Oral contraceptives and venous thromboembolism: a five-year national case-control study☆
Lidegaard, Ø., Edström, B., & Kreiner, S. (2002) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/s0010-7824(01)00307-9 · Cited by 332
Population-based study of risk of venous thromboembolism associated with various oral contraceptives
Farmer, R., Lawrenson, R., Thompson, C., Kennedy, J., & Hambleton, I. R. (1997) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(96)07496-x · Cited by 329
Farley, T., Meirik, O., Cl, C., Marmot, M. G., & Poulter, N. R. (1995) · PubMed · Cited by 319
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Puetz, J., & Salas, J. (2026) · Pediatric Blood & Cancer · doi:10.1002/1545-5017.70439
Letnar, G., Andersen, K. K., & Olsen, T. S. (2026) · Contraception · doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2026.111595
Progestin-only contraception and venous thromboembolism
Khan, F., Hill, M. D., & Skeith, L. (2026) · The Lancet Obstetrics Gynaecology & Women s Health · doi:10.1016/s3050-5038(26)00208-6
Allen, M. O., Salami, S. A., Olumide, O. M., Lawal-Bamidele, O. A., & Murtala, B. A. (2026) · Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1007/s12013-026-02191-0
Kardiovaskuläres Risiko hormoneller Kontrazeptiva – ein Update
Dinger, J. (2015) · Der Gynäkologe · doi:10.1007/s00129-015-3739-3
Thromboserisiko und kombinierte orale Kontrazeption
Martinez, M., & Tsakiris, D. (2015) · Journal für Kardiologie (Krause & Pachernegg GmbH)
Metadata
- Authors
- Lidegaard, O., Nielsen, L. H., Skovlund, C. W., Skjeldestad, F. E., & Lokkegaard, E.
- Affiliations
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- UiT The Arctic University of Norway (NO)
- Venue
- BMJ
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2011-10-25
- Volume
- 343
- Issue
- oct25 4
- Pages
- d6423-d6423
- ISSN
- 0007-1447 (ISSN-L)
- 0959-8138
- 1468-5833
- PMC
- PMC3202015
- OpenAlex
- W1999011481
- Cited by
- 608
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 28 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 55 · 2014: 65 · 2013: 60 · 2012: 51
- FWCI
- 50.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- BMJ (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Aalborg Universitet
- Aalborg Universitetshospital
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Internal Medicine › Venous Thromboembolism Diagnosis and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Reproductive Health and Contraception
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Blood Coagulation and Thrombosis Mechanisms
- Keywords
- venous thromboembolism, oral contraceptives, progestogens, estrogen dose, ethinyl estradiol, levonorgestrel, desogestrel, gestodene, drospirenone, progestin-only pills, hormonal intrauterine device, thrombosis risk, women of reproductive age, Denmark
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists, Androstenes, Anticoagulants, Contraceptives, Oral, Denmark, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Epidemiologic Methods, Female, Humans, Intrauterine Devices, Medicated, Middle Aged, Norpregnenes, Pregnancy, Time Factors, Cohort Studies, Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic, Levonorgestrel, Desogestrel, Venous Thromboembolism, Young Adult
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