Value of composite reference standards in diagnostic research

QUADAS-2: a revised tool for the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies

Whiting, P. F., Rutjes, A. W. S., Westwood, M. E., Mallett, S., Deeks, J. J., Reitsma, J. B., Leeflang, M. M. G., Sterne, J. A. C., Bossuyt, P. M. M., & the QUADAS-2 Group* (2011) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-155-8-201110180-00009 · Cited by 14,199

Towards complete and accurate reporting of studies of diagnostic accuracy: The STARD Initiative.

Bossuyt, P. M., Reitsma, J. B., Bruns, D. E., Gatsonis, C. A., Glasziou, P. P., Irwig, L. M., Lijmer, J. G., Moher, D., Rennie, D., de Vet, H. C. W., et al. (2003) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-138-1-200301070-00010 · Cited by 3,219

Towards complete and accurate reporting of studies of diagnostic accuracy: the STARD initiative

Bossuyt, P. M., Reitsma, J. B., Bruns, D. E., Gatsonis, C. A., Glasziou, P. P., Irwig, L. M., Lijmer, J. G., Moher, D., Rennie, D., & de Vet, H. C. W. (2003) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.326.7379.41 · Cited by 3,215

Evaluation of diagnostic tests when there is no gold standard. A review of methods

Rutjes, A., Reitsma, J., Coomarasamy, A., Khan, K., & Bossuyt, P. (2007) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta11500 · Cited by 524

Exploring sources of heterogeneity in systematic reviews of diagnostic tests

Lijmer, J. G., Bossuyt, P. M., & Heisterkamp, S. H. (2002) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.1185 · Cited by 446

Xpert MTB/RIF: a New Pillar in Diagnosis of Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis?

Vadwai, V., Boehme, C., Nabeta, P., Shetty, A., Alland, D., & Rodrigues, C. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.02319-10 · Cited by 357

Conditional dependence between tests affects the diagnosis and surveillance of animal diseases

Gardner, I. A., Stryhn, H., Lind, P., & Collins, M. T. (2000) · Preventive Veterinary Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0167-5877(00)00119-7 · Cited by 340

Using a combination of reference tests to assess the accuracy of a new diagnostic test

Alonzo, T. A., & PEPE, M. S. (1999) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0258(19991130)18:22 · Cited by 242

A review and critique of modelling in prioritising and designing screening programmes

Karnon, J. D., Goyder, E., Tappenden, P., McPhie, S., Towers, I., Brazier, J. E., & Madan, J. J. (2007) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta11520 · Cited by 184

Insights into latent class analysis of diagnostic test performance

Pepe, M. S., & Janes, H. (2006) · Biostatistics · doi:10.1093/biostatistics/kxl038 · Cited by 180

Transparent Reporting of a multivariable prediction model for Individual Prognosis Or Diagnosis (TRIPOD): Explanation and Elaboration

Moons, K. G. M., Altman, D. G., Reitsma, J. B., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Macaskill, P., Steyerberg, E. W., Vickers, A. J., Ransohoff, D. F., & Collins, G. S. (2015) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m14-0698 · Cited by 5,147

PROBAST: A Tool to Assess Risk of Bias and Applicability of Prediction Model Studies: Explanation and Elaboration

Moons, K. G. M., Wolff, R. F., Riley, R. D., Whiting, P. F., Westwood, M., Collins, G. S., Reitsma, J. B., Kleijnen, J., & Mallett, S. (2019) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m18-1377 · Cited by 1,669

Xpert MTB/RIF assay for the diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Denkinger, C. M., Schumacher, S. G., Boehme, C. C., Dendukuri, N., Pai, M., & Steingart, K. R. (2014) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1183/09031936.00007814 · Cited by 527

Diagnostic test evaluation methodology: A systematic review of methods employed to evaluate diagnostic tests in the absence of gold standard – An update

Umemneku-Chikere, C. M., Wilson, K. J., Graziadio, S., Vale, L. D., & Allen, A. J. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0223832 · Cited by 229

Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra and Xpert MTB/RIF assays for extrapulmonary tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance in adults

Kohli, M., Schiller, I., Dendukuri, N., Yao, M., Dheda, K., Denkinger, C. M., Schumacher, S. G., & Steingart, K. R. (2021) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012768.pub3 · Cited by 215

Lung ultrasound compared with chest X‐ray in diagnosing postoperative pulmonary complications following cardiothoracic surgery: a prospective observational study

Touw, H. R. W., Parlevliet, K. L., Beerepoot, M. A. J., Schober, P. R., Vonk, A. B. A., Twisk, J. W. R., Elbers, P., Boer, C., & Tuinman, P. R. (2018) · Anaesthesia · doi:10.1111/anae.14243 · Cited by 112

Meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy studies in mental health

Takwoingi, Y., Riley, R. D., & Deeks, J. J. (2015) · Evidence-Based Mental Health · doi:10.1136/eb-2015-102228 · Cited by 102

Hydroxychloroquine and Chloroquine Retinopathy

Tsang, A. C., Ahmadi, S., Virgili, G., Gottlieb, C., Hamilton, J. B., & Coupland, S. G. (2015) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.02.011 · Cited by 91

The estimation of diagnostic accuracy of tests for COVID-19: A scoping review

Axell‐House, D. B., Lavingia, R., Rafferty, M., Clark, E. H., Amirian, E. S., & Chiao, E. Y. (2020) · Journal of Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2020.08.043 · Cited by 83

Diagnostic accuracy of Xpert MTB/RIF for tuberculosis detection in different regions with different endemic burden: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Li, S., Liu, B., Peng, M., Chen, M., Yin, W., Tang, H. R., Luo, Y., Hu, P., & Ren, H. G. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0180725 · Cited by 81

MRI for Detecting Root Avulsions in Traumatic Adult Brachial Plexus Injuries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Diagnostic Accuracy

Wade, R. G., Takwoingi, Y., Wormald, J. C. R., Ridgway, J. P., Tanner, S. F., Rankine, J. J., & Bourke, G. (2019) · Radiology · doi:10.1148/radiol.2019190218 · Cited by 77

Diagnostic Accuracy of Pulp Vitality Tests and Pulp Sensibility Tests for Assessing Pulpal Health in Permanent Teeth: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Patro, S., Meto, A., Mohanty, A., Chopra, V., Miglani, S., Das, A., Luke, A. M., Hadi, D. A., Meto, A., Fiorillo, L., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19159599 · Cited by 82

Diagnosing arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy by 2010 Task Force Criteria: clinical performance and simplified practical implementation

Bosman, L. P., Cadrin‐Tourigny, J., Bourfiss, M., Ghasabeh, M. A., Sharma, A., Tichnell, C., Roudijk, R. W., Murray, B. A., Tandri, H. S., Khairy, P., et al. (2020) · EP Europace · doi:10.1093/europace/euaa039 · Cited by 72

Bias due to composite reference standards in diagnostic accuracy studies

Schiller, I., van Smeden, M., Hadgu, A., Libman, M., Reitsma, J. B., & Dendukuri, N. (2015) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.6803 · Cited by 68

Fuzzy gold standards: Approaches to handling an imperfect reference standard

Walsh, T. (2018) · Journal of Dentistry · doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2018.04.022 · Cited by 58

Diagnostic accuracy of the Xpert MTB/RIF assay for bone and joint tuberculosis: A meta-analysis

Shen, Y., Yu, G., Zhong, F., & Kong, X. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0221427 · Cited by 56

Diagnostic Accuracy of the Xpert MTB/RIF Assay for Lymph Node Tuberculosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Yu, G., Zhong, F., Ye, B., Xu, X., Chen, D., & Shen, Y. (2019) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2019/4878240 · Cited by 52

Assessing risk of bias and applicability

Reitsma, J. B., Rutjes, A. W., Whiting, P. F., Yang, B., Leeflang, M., Bossuyt, P. M., & Deeks, J. J. (2023) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119756194.ch8 · Cited by 50

Diagnostic accuracy of the loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for extrapulmonary tuberculosis: A meta-analysis

Yu, G., Shen, Y., Zhong, F., Ye, B., Yang, J., & Chen, G. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0199290 · Cited by 49

Evaluation of the sensitivity and specificity of basal plasma adrenocorticotrophic hormone concentration for diagnosing pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction in horses: A systematic review

Tatum, R. C., McGowan, C. M., & Ireland, J. L. (2021) · The Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105695 · Cited by 44

Wideband Absorbance Outcomes in Newborns

Aithal, S., Kei, J., Driscoll, C., Khan, A., & Swanston, A. (2015) · Ear and Hearing · doi:10.1097/aud.0000000000000175 · Cited by 42

Diagnostic validity and triage concordance of a physiotherapist compared to physicians’ diagnoses for common knee disorders

Décary, S., Fallaha, M., Pelletier, B., Frémont, P., Martel‐Pelletier, J., Pelletier, J., Feldman, D. E., Sylvestre, M., Vendittoli, P., & Desmeules, F. (2017) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-017-1799-3 · Cited by 36

A Prospective Hospital Study to Evaluate the Diagnostic Accuracy of Rapid Diagnostic Tests for the Early Detection of Leptospirosis in Laos

Dittrich, S., Boutthasavong, L., Keokhamhoung, D., Phuklia, W., Craig, S. B., Tulsiani, S. M., Burns, M., Weier, S., Dance, D. A. B., Davong, V., et al. (2018) · American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.17-0702 · Cited by 25

Methodology for developing and evaluating diagnostic tools in Ayurveda – A review

Edavalath, M., & Benil, P. B. (2021) · Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jaim.2021.01.009 · Cited by 28

Diagnosis of allergy against beta-lactams in primary care: prevalence and diagnostic criteria

Salden, O. A. E., Röckmann, H., Verheij, T. J., & Broekhuizen, B. D. (2015) · Family Practice · doi:10.1093/fampra/cmv018 · Cited by 23

Screening for Voice Disorders in Older Adults (RAVI)—Part III: Cutoff Score and Clinical Consistency

Pernambuco, L. D. A., Espelt, A., & de Lima, K. C. (2016) · Journal of Voice · doi:10.1016/j.jvoice.2016.03.003 · Cited by 23

A Comparative Evaluation of Different Diagnostic Modalities in the Diagnosis of Typhoid Fever Using a Composite Reference Standard: A Tertiary Hospital Based Study in Central India

Maheshwari, V. (2016) · JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH · doi:10.7860/jcdr/2016/20426.8684 · Cited by 23

Bias correction methods for test-negative designs in the presence of misclassification

Endo, A., Funk, S., & Kucharski, A. J. (2020) · Epidemiology and Infection · doi:10.1017/s0950268820002058 · Cited by 21

ROC study and SUV threshold using quantitative multi-modal SPECT for bone imaging

Vija, A. H., Bartenstein, P., FROELICH, J. W., Kuwert, T., Macapinlac, H. A., Daignault, C. P., Gowda, N., Hadjiev, O., Hephzibah, J., Huang, P., et al. (2019) · European Journal of Hybrid Imaging · doi:10.1186/s41824-019-0057-3 · Cited by 21

Testing of candidate non-lethal sampling methods for detection of Renibacterium salmoninarum in juvenile Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha

Elliott, D., McKibben, C. L., Conway, C., Purcell, M. K., Chase, D., & Applegate, L. (2015) · Diseases of Aquatic Organisms · doi:10.3354/dao02846 · Cited by 21

Bacteriological diagnosis of childhood TB: a prospective observational study

Brent, A., Mugo, D., Musyimi, R., Mutiso, A., Morpeth, S. C., Levin, M., & Scott, J. A. G. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-11969-5 · Cited by 21

Forcing dichotomous disease classification from reference standards leads to bias in diagnostic accuracy estimates: A simulation study

Jenniskens, K., Naaktgeboren, C. A., Reitsma, J. B., Hooft, L., Moons, K. G. M., & van Smeden, M. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2019.03.002 · Cited by 20

A Delphi survey and international e-survey evaluating the Doha agreement meeting classification system in groin pain: Where are we 5 years later?

Heijboer, W. M. P., Weir, A., Delahunt, E., Hölmich, P., Schache, A. G., Tol, J. L., de Vos, R., Vuckovic, Z., & Serner, A. (2021) · Journal of science and medicine in sport · doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2021.06.014 · Cited by 20

A comparison of helminth infections as assessed through coprological analysis and adult worm burdens in a wild host

Byrne, R. L., Fogarty, U., Mooney, A., Marples, N. M., & Holland, C. V. (2018) · International Journal for Parasitology Parasites and Wildlife · doi:10.1016/j.ijppaw.2018.11.003 · Cited by 20

Development of a Diagnostic Prediction Model for Conductive Conditions in Neonates Using Wideband Acoustic Immittance

Myers, J., Kei, J., Aithal, S., Aithal, V., Driscoll, C., Khan, A., Manuel, A., Joseph, A., & Malicka, A. N. (2018) · Ear and Hearing · doi:10.1097/aud.0000000000000565 · Cited by 17

Prognostic accuracy of clinical markers of postpartum bleeding in predicting maternal mortality or severe morbidity: a WHO individual participant data meta-analysis

Gallos, I. D., Williams, C. R., Price, M. J., Tobı́as, A., Devall, A., Allotey, J., Althabe, F., Cresswell, J. A., Durocher, J., Gülmezoglu, A. M., et al. (2025) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(25)01639-3 · Cited by 16

A spitting image: molecular diagnostics applied to saliva enhance detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae and pneumococcal serotype carriage

Miellet, W. R., van Veldhuizen, J., Litt, D. J., Mariman, R., Wijmenga‐Monsuur, A. J., Nieuwenhuijsen, T., Christopher, J., Thombre, R. S., Eletu, S. D., Bosch, T., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1156695 · Cited by 16

Staged decision making was an attractive alternative to a plenary approach in panel diagnosis as reference standard

Bertens, L. C. M., van Mourik, Y., Rutten, F. H., Cramer, M. J., Lammers, J. J., Hoes, A. W., Reitsma, J. B., & Moons, K. G. M. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2014.09.020 · Cited by 16

An analysis reveals differences between pragmatic and explanatory diagnostic accuracy studies

Bossuyt, P. M., Olsen, M., Hyde, C., & Cohen, J. F. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2019.09.017 · Cited by 15

Improved Detection of Intestinal Helminth Infections with a Formalin Ethyl-Acetate-Based Concentration Technique Compared to a Crude Formalin Concentration Technique

Brummaier, T., Archasuksan, L., Watthanakulpanich, D., Paris, D. H., Utzinger, J., McGready, R. M., Proux, S., & Nosten, F. H. (2021) · Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease · doi:10.3390/tropicalmed6020051 · Cited by 14

Combining population-based administrative health records and electronic medical records for disease surveillance

Al-Azazi, S., Singer, A., Rabbani, R., & Lix, L. (2019) · BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making · doi:10.1186/s12911-019-0845-5 · Cited by 9

Biomarker validation with an imperfect reference: Issues and bounds

Emerson, S. C., Waikar, S. S., Fuentes, C., Bonventre, J. V., & Betensky, R. A. (2017) · Statistical Methods in Medical Research · doi:10.1177/0962280216689806 · Cited by 12

The Added Value of Vessel Wall MRI in the Detection of Intraluminal Thrombus in Patients Suspected of Craniocervical Artery Dissection

Liu, Y., Li, S., Wu, Y., Wu, F., Chang, Y., Li, H., Jia, X., Saba, L., Ji, X., & Yang, Q. (2021) · Aging and Disease · doi:10.14336/ad.2021.0502 · Cited by 12

Lessons to be learned from test evaluations during the COVID-19 pandemic: RSS Working Group’s Report on Diagnostic Tests

Deeks, J. J., Ashby, D., Takwoingi, Y., Perera, R., Evans, S. J. W., & Bird, S. M. (2024) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A (Statistics in Society) · doi:10.1093/jrsssa/qnae053 · Cited by 11

Best Practice for MRI Diagnostic Accuracy Research With Lessons and Examples from the LI‐RADS Individual Participant Data Group

van der Pol, C. B., Costa, A. F., Lam, E. W. ‐., Dawit, H., Bashir, M. R., & McInnes, M. D. F. (2023) · Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1002/jmri.29049 · Cited by 11

Evaluation of seasonal influences on adrenocorticotropic hormone response to the thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test and its accuracy for diagnosis of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction

Adams, A. A., Siard, M. H., Reedy, S. E., Barker, D., Elzinga, S. E., Sanz, M. G., Urschel, K. L., & Ireland, J. L. (2023) · The Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2023.106035 · Cited by 9

Dual composite reference standards (dCRS) in molecular diagnostic research: A new approach to reduce bias in the presence of Imperfect reference

Tang, S., Hemyari, P., Canchola, J. A., & Duncan, J. (2018) · Journal of Biopharmaceutical Statistics · doi:10.1080/10543406.2018.1428613 · Cited by 9

Diagnostic Accuracy of Cartridge Based Nucleic Acid Amplification Test (CBNAAT) in Stool Samples in Pediatric Tuberculosis

Singhal, R., Dayal, R., Bhatnagar, S., Nayak, M., Yadav, N. K., Kumar, P., Kumar, S., Singh, H., & Singh, G. (2023) · The Indian Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s12098-023-04849-6 · Cited by 9

Split-bolus pancreas CTA protocol for local staging of pancreatic cancer and detection and characterization of liver lesions

Camacho, A., Fang, J., Cohen, M. P., Raptopoulos, V. D., & Brook, O. R. (2017) · Abdominal Radiology · doi:10.1007/s00261-017-1350-x · Cited by 9

Accuracy of real-time polymerase chain reaction test for Group B Streptococcus detection in pregnant women: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Peng, J., Liu, Y., Zou, J., Wang, J., Luis, C. D. J., & Zhong, H. (2024) · European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2024.11.035 · Cited by 8

Utility of Routine Laboratory Biomarkers to Detect COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Suklan, J., Cheaveau, J., Hill, S., Urwin, S., Green, K., Winter, A., Hicks, T., Boath, A., Kernohan, A., Price, D., et al. (2021) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v13050803 · Cited by 9

Transparent Reporting of a multivariable prediction model for Individual Prognosis Or Diagnosis (TRIPOD): Explanation and Elaboration. Translation in to Russian

Moons, K. G. M., Altman, D. G., Reitsma, J. B., loannidis, J. P. A., Macaskill, P., Steyerberg, E. W., Vickers, A. J., Ransohoff, D. F., & Collins, P. G. S. (2022) · Digital Diagnostics · doi:10.17816/dd110794 · Cited by 10

Detection and Quantification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the Sputum of Culture-Negative HIV-infected Pulmonary Tuberculosis Suspects: A Proof-of-Concept Study

Madico, G. E., Mpeirwe, M., White, L. F., Vinhas, S. A., Orr, B. L., Orikiriza, P., Miller, N. S., Gaeddert, M., Mwanga‐Amumpaire, J., Palaci, M., et al. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0158371 · Cited by 7

Utility of precipitating antibody testing in the diagnostic evaluation of chronic hypersensitivity pneumonia.

Giacomi, F. D., Andreano, A., Faverio, P., Biffi, A., Ruvolo, L., Sverzellati, N., Valsecchi, M. G., & Pesci, A. (2017) · Sarcoidosis vasculitis and diffuse lung diseases · doi:10.36141/svdld.v34i2.5467 · Cited by 8

Diagnosing ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in UK NHS ICUs: the perceived value and role of a novel optical technology

Jones, W. S., Suklan, J., Winter, A., Green, K., Craven, T., Bruce, A. M., Mair, J., Dhaliwal, K., Walsh, T. S., Simpson, A. J., et al. (2022) · Diagnostic and Prognostic Research · doi:10.1186/s41512-022-00117-x · Cited by 8

Exploring the accuracy of the Xpert MTB/RIF assay in detecting lymph node tuberculosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Chen, Z.-K., Wu, Z., Ye, T., Lin, C.-Y., & Guo, X. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0321507 · Cited by 8

Comparison of Child Poverty Measures: Looking for Consensus

Landiyanto, E. A. (2021) · Child Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s12187-021-09867-4 · Cited by 7

Second trimester vaginal Candida colonization among pregnant women attending antenatal care in Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: prevalence, clinical correlates, risk factors and pregnancy outcomes

Mulinganya, G. M., Keyser, K. D., Mongane, J., Kampara, F., Vulder, A. D., Boelens, J., Duyvejonck, H., Hendwa, E., Kujirakwinja, Y., Bisimwa, G. B., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Global Women s Health · doi:10.3389/fgwh.2024.1339821 · Cited by 7

Molecular Characterization of Small Ruminant Lentiviruses in Sheep and Goats: A Systematic Review

Gobbi, P., Pavone, S., Orso, M., Passamonti, F., Righi, C., Beato, M. S., Feliziani, F., & Giammarioli, M. (2024) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani14233545 · Cited by 8

Low-complexity automated nucleic acid amplification tests for extrapulmonary tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance in adults and adolescents

Kohli, M., Inbaraj, L. R., Salomon, A., Scandrett, K., Korobitsyn, A., Ismail, N. A., Srinivasalu, V. A., Daniel, J., Steingart, K. R., & Takwoingi, Y. (2025) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012768.pub4 · Cited by 6

Extended Enrichment Procedures Can Be Used To Define False-Negative Probabilities for Cultural Gold Standard Methods for Salmonella Detection, Facilitating Comparisons between Gold Standard and Alternative Methods.

Sullivan, G., Guo, X., Tokman, J. I., Roof, S. E., Trmčić, A., Baker, R., Tang, S., Markwell, P., Wiedmann, M., & Kovac, J. (2020) · Journal of Food Protection · doi:10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-19-422 · Cited by 4

Oral fluid: Non-invasive alternative for parvovirus B19 diagnosis?

Bodewes, R., Kerkhof, J., Cremer, J., Gijselaar, D. B., Voordouw, B. C. G., Veldhuijzen, I. K., Schipper, M., & van Binnendijk, R. S. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Virology · doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2019.05.008 · Cited by 6

Diagnostic Performance of the Tear Meniscus Osmolarity Measurement for Dry Eye Disease in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients

Parra-Colín, P. D. L., Palacios-Aguirre, K., Perez-Pria-Kasusky, A., Espinosa-Morales, R., & Hidalgo‐Bravo, A. (2023) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics13182994 · Cited by 5

Systematic Reviews of Diagnostic Accuracy

Takwoingi, Y., & Deeks, J. J. (2022) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119099369.ch16 · Cited by 5

The Application of Xpert Mycobacterium tuberculosis/Rifampicin, Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction and High Resolution Melting Curve in the Diagnosis of Superficial Lymph Node TB.

Han, Y., Xiao, N., Huang, S., Qin, M., Che, N., & Liu, Z. (2019) · Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology · doi:10.2174/1389201020666190716104131 · Cited by 5

Assessment of the Utility of Cognitive Screening Instruments

Quinn, T. J., & Takwoingi, Y. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-44775-9_2 · Cited by 4

Newer Molecular Diagnostic Tests for Tuberculosis

Nair, S., & Murthy, N. (2021) · Journal of Advanced Lung Health · doi:10.4103/jalh.jalh_3_21 · Cited by 4

A Systematic Review on Evaluating Responsiveness of Parent- or Caregiver-Reported Child Maltreatment Measures for Interventions

Yoon, S., Speyer, R., Cordier, R., Pirjo Aunio, A., & Hakkarainen, A. M. (2022) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380221093690 · Cited by 4

Transparent Reporting of a multivariable prediction model for Individual Prognosis Or Diagnosis (TRIPOD): Explanation and

Moons, E. G. M., Altman, D. G., Reitsma, J. B., Macaskill, P., Steyerberg, E. W., Vickers, A. J., Ransohoff, D. F., & Collins, P. G. S. (2015) · Cited by 4

Évaluation d’un protocole d’acquisition de la scintigraphie osseuse en mode TEMP/TDM 3 champs de vue dans un contexte oncologique et rhumatologique

de Beaulieu, M. A., & Paycha, F. (2015) · Médecine Nucléaire · doi:10.1016/j.mednuc.2015.09.003 · Cited by 4

Relative accuracy of point-of-care tests to rule-in heartworm infection in clinically suspected dogs using Bayesian latent class modelling

Atkinson, P. J., Quimby, C., Datt, A., Nielsen, T. D., & Caraguel, C. (2026) · Preventive Veterinary Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2026.106783 · Cited by 3

Accuracy of composite diagnostic standards for pneumococcal pneumonia in vaccine trials

Suzuki, M., Katoh, S., Miyahara, R., Ariyoshi, K., & Morimoto, K. (2018) · Epidemiology and Infection · doi:10.1017/s0950268818000651 · Cited by 3

Further evidence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the sputum of culture-negative pulmonary tuberculosis suspects using an ultrasensitive molecular assay

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Performance of TaqMan probes for the detection of sexually transmitted infections in South African women

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Strongyloides stercoralis prevalence and diagnostic efficacy of an IgG4 rapid test in an eosinophilic population in Khuzestan Province, southwestern Iran

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Diagnostic utility of chest computerized tomography in the diagnosis of recurrence among sputum scarce and sputum negative previously treated pulmonary tuberculosis suspects

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Diagnostic accuracy of nucleic acid amplification tests for human intestinal nematode infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis

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Is sterile pyuria another minor diagnostic criterion in urinary tuberculosis?

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Direct Saliva versus Conventional Nasopharyngeal Swab qRT-PCR to Diagnose SARS – CoV2: Validity Study

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Avenues for Further Research

Liu, Y., & Chen, Y. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-78966-8_20 · Cited by 1

Performance comparison of three commercial multiplex molecular panels for respiratory viruses at a South African academic hospital

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Evaluation of molecular and serological diagnostics for dengue during the 2023 outbreak in Jember, East Java, indonesia

Sani, L., Senjarini, K., Steinke, S., Huyen, D. T., Hiền, T. T. T., Oktarianti, R., Huyền, T. T. T., Le, S. H., Velavan, T. P., Anh, D. D., et al. (2025) · Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease · doi:10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2025.117050 · Cited by 1

Nonselective Intra-arterial CT Angiography Versus Selective Digital Subtraction Angiography for Detecting Neovascularization During Transarterial Embolization for Adhesive Capsulitis

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Huisarts en glazen bol: voorspellen op het spreekuur

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Extending Hui‐Walter framework to correlated outcomes with application to diagnosis tests of an eye disease among premature infants

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Transparent Reporting of a Multivariable Prediction Model for Individual Prognosis or Diagnosis (TRIPOD): Explanation and Elaboration. Translation into Russian

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Comparative Evaluation of diagnostic performance of Blood culture, Lateral flow immunoassay, Tube Widal and Slide Widal Test in diagnosis of Enteric fever using a Composite Reference Standard

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Individualising breast cancer treatment to improve survival and minimise complications in older women: a research programme including the PLACE RCT

Bundred, N. J., Todd, C. J., Morris, J., Keeley, V. L., Purushotham, A. D., Bagust, A., Foden, P., Bramley, M., & Riches, K. (2019) · Programme Grants for Applied Research · doi:10.3310/pgfar07050 · Cited by 1

Wideband absorbance measures in neonates and young infants

Aithal, S. (2015) · The University of Queensland · doi:10.14264/uql.2015.288 · Cited by 1

Diagnostic research in daily practice: methodological challenges and applications

Bertens, L. C. M. (2014) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)

Accuracy of Meta-Analysis Using Different Levels of Diagnostic Accuracy Measures

Song, Y., Lü, Y., & Tian, L. (2016) · ICSA book series in statistics · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-42568-9_3

Development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays for diagnosis of Fasciola hepatica in animal faeces and comparison with traditional diagnostic methods

Arifin, M. I. (2016) · Epsilon Archive for Student Projects (University of Southampton)

Is This the Right Reference Standard Diagnosis for Retinopathy of Prematurity?

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Evaluating Uncertainty in Dengue Seroprevalence in the Absence of a Gold Standard Diagnostic Test

Baker, T. E., & Wolfson, D. B. (2020) · McGill Journal of Medicine · doi:10.26443/mjm.v18i1.325

Using β hCG, prolactin and IGFBP I single or in Pairs to diagnose PROM

EL-GHANNAM, M. D. K. I. A. M. A., Khairy, H. T., Mohammad, M., Safty, M. S. E., & ABOZEID, A. (2020) · Evidence Based Women s Health Journal · doi:10.21608/ebwhj.2020.21883.1069

Personalized Medicine in Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy

Bosman, L. P. (2022) · doi:10.33540/606

Avoiding Bias in Diagnostic Accuracy Studies

Doshi, J., Deokar, K. K., & Jangir, K. K. (2024) · Journal of the Association of Physicians of India · doi:10.59556/japi.72.0748

Additional file 1 of Diagnosing ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in UK NHS ICUs: the perceived value and role of a novel optical technology

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Diagnosing Apraxia of Speech in Children and Adults When There Is No Gold Standard: A Scoping Review About the Diagnostic Process

Haley, K. L., Jacks, A., & Mailend, M. (2026) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/2025_ajslp-25-00178 · Cited by 1

Concerns about composite reference standards in diagnostic research

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A Composite Reference Standard for COVID-19 Diagnostic Accuracy Studies: a roadmap

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Using a combination of reference tests to assess the accuracy of a new diagnostic test. Stat. Med

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Improving the methodological framework for diagnostic studies

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Bias due to composite reference standards in diagnostic accuracy studies

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