The DOI matches its Crossref record; 82 of the 85 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
School closures and influenza: systematic review of epidemiological studies
Open accessAbstract
Objective: To review the effects of school closures on pandemic and seasonal influenza outbreaks. Design: Systematic review. Data sources: MEDLINE and EMBASE, reference lists of identified articles, hand searches of key journals and additional papers from the authors' collections. Study selection: Studies were included if they reported on a seasonal or pandemic influenza outbreak coinciding with a planned or unplanned school closure. Results: Of 2579 papers identified through MEDLINE and EMBASE, 65 were eligible for inclusion in the review along with 14 identified from other sources. Influenza incidence frequently declined after school closure. The effect was sometimes reversed when schools reopened, supporting a causal role for school closure in reducing incidence. Any benefits associated with school closure appeared to be greatest among school-aged children. However, as schools often closed late in the outbreak or other interventions were used concurrently, it was sometimes unclear how much school closure contributed to the reductions in incidence. Conclusions: School closures appear to have the potential to reduce influenza transmission, but the heterogeneity in the data available means that the optimum strategy (eg, the ideal length and timing of closure) remains unclear.
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“school closures have for long been known as a potentially effective intervention for reducing the spread of infectious diseases by increasing social distancing (Hatchett et al. 2007; Jackson et al. 2013).”
From Precaution and proportionality in pandemic politics: democracy, state capacity, and COVID-19-related school closures around the world (2022) · cites this paper as Jackson et al. 2013
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Cites
Influenza Virus Transmission Is Dependent on Relative Humidity and Temperature
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Absolute humidity modulates influenza survival, transmission, and seasonality
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Bootsma, M. C. J., & Ferguson, N. M. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0611071104 · Cited by 798
Public health interventions and epidemic intensity during the 1918 influenza pandemic
Hatchett, R. J., Mecher, C. E., & Lipsitch, M. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0610941104 · Cited by 778
Nonpharmaceutical Interventions Implemented by US Cities During the 1918-1919 Influenza Pandemic
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Estimating the impact of school closure on influenza transmission from Sentinel data
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Absolute Humidity and the Seasonal Onset of Influenza in the Continental United States
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Closure of schools during an influenza pandemic
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Infection and death from influenza A H1N1 virus in Mexico: a retrospective analysis
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Davies, N. G., Kucharski, A. J., Eggo, R. M., Gimma, A., Edmunds, W. J., Jombart, T., O'Reilly, K., Endo, A., Hellewell, J., Nightingale, E. S., et al. (2020) · The Lancet Public Health · doi:10.1016/s2468-2667(20)30133-x · Cited by 848
Fong, M. W., Gao, H., Wong, J. Y., Xiao, J., Shiu, E. Y. C., Ryu, S., & Cowling, B. J. (2020) · Emerging Infectious Diseases · doi:10.3201/eid2605.190995 · Cited by 633
“, the length of closure, reactive or pre-emptive closure) remained unclear (32).”
Social network-based distancing strategies to flatten the COVID-19 curve in a post-lockdown world
Block, P., Hoffman, M., Raabe, I. J., Dowd, J. B., Rahal, C., Kashyap, R., & Mills, M. C. (2020) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-020-0898-6 · Cited by 529
Bayham, J., & Fenichel, E. P. (2020) · The Lancet Public Health · doi:10.1016/s2468-2667(20)30082-7 · Cited by 386
Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Australian educational settings: a prospective cohort study
Macartney, K. K., Quinn, H., Pillsbury, A., Koirala, A., Deng, L., Winkler, N., Katelaris, A. L., O'Sullivan, M. V. N., Dalton, C. B., Wood, N., et al. (2020) · The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/s2352-4642(20)30251-0 · Cited by 370
Metadata
- Authors
- Jackson, C., Vynnycky, E., Hawker, J., Olowokure, B., & Mangtani, P.
- Affiliations
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (GB)
- Health Protection Agency, London, UK
- Health Protection Agency (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Jackson, Charlotte
- Venue
- BMJ Open
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2013
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- e002149
- ISSN
- 2044-6055 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3586057
- OpenAlex
- W2121157266
- Cited by
- 224
- References
- 85
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 66 · 2020: 42 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 0.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- BMJ Open (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (acceptedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (RTF/01/038)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Influenza Virus Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Respiratory viral infections research
- Social Sciences › Health › Vaccine Coverage and Hesitancy
- Keywords
- school closures, influenza, pandemic influenza, seasonal influenza, influenza transmission, influenza incidence, school-aged children, school reopening, non-pharmaceutical interventions
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