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International variations in primary care physician consultation time: a systematic review of 67 countries
Open accessAbstract
Objective: To describe the average primary care physician consultation length in economically developed and low-income/middle-income countries, and to examine the relationship between consultation length and organisational-level economic, and health outcomes. Design and outcome measures: This is a systematic review of published and grey literature in English, Chinese, Japanese, Spanish, Portuguese and Russian languages from 1946 to 2016, for articles reporting on primary care physician consultation lengths. Data were extracted and analysed for quality, and linear regression models were constructed to examine the relationship between consultation length and health service outcomes. Results: One hundred and seventy nine studies were identified from 111 publications covering 28 570 712 consultations in 67 countries. Average consultation length differed across the world, ranging from 48 s in Bangladesh to 22.5 min in Sweden. We found that 18 countries representing about 50% of the global population spend 5 min or less with their primary care physicians. We also found significant associations between consultation length and healthcare spending per capita, admissions to hospital with ambulatory sensitive conditions such as diabetes, primary care physician density, physician efficiency and physician satisfaction. Conclusion: There are international variations in consultation length, and it is concerning that a large proportion of the global population have only a few minutes with their primary care physicians. Such a short consultation length is likely to adversely affect patient healthcare and physician workload and stress.
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“Longer consultations allow for a more thorough assessment, which helps improve diagnoses and reduces the chance of missing important details [283,284,285].”
From Toward Safer Diagnoses: A SEIPS-Based Narrative Review of Diagnostic Errors (2026) · cites this paper as [285]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Irving, G., Neves, A. L., Dambha-Miller, H., Oishi, A., Tagashira, H., Verho, A., & Holden, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences (MEDCIDS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Primary Care Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- University of Edinburgh (GB)
- Horton General Hospital (GB)
- University of Helsinki (FI)
- Garswood Surgery, Wigan, UK
- Corresponding author
- Irving, Greg
- Venue
- BMJ Open
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2017-10
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- e017902
- ISSN
- 2044-6055 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5695512
- OpenAlex
- W2767996342
- Cited by
- 1,083
- References
- 98
- Citations by year
- 2026: 86 · 2025: 115 · 2024: 123 · 2023: 132 · 2022: 103 · 2021: 120 · 2020: 308 · 2019: 70 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 4
- FWCI
- 19.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- BMJ Open (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (acceptedVersion)
- Edge Hill University Research Information Repository (Edge Hill University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja (submittedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Spiral (Imperial College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Funders
- World Bank Group
- Arabian Gulf University
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (CL-2013-14-001, DRF-2015-08-027)
- Tel Aviv University
- Fukushima University
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Family Practice › Primary Care and Health Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Patient-Provider Communication in Healthcare
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Healthcare Systems and Technology
- Keywords
- physician-patient interaction, international variation, health care spending, hospitalization, physician density, physician efficiency, physician satisfaction, low-income countries, physician workload
- MeSH terms
- Appointments and Schedules, Family Practice, Humans, Office Visits, Physician-Patient Relations, Referral and Consultation, Time Factors, Patient Satisfaction, Physicians, Primary Care
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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