Food handlers’ knowledge, attitudes and self-reported practices regarding safe food handling in charitable food assistance programmes in the eThekwini District, South Africa: cross-sectional study
Open accessAbstract
Objective: This study aimed to assess food handlers’ knowledge, attitudes and self-reported practices towards safer donated foods. Design: This cross-sectional study was conducted from January to May 2021. Setting: This study was conducted in the eThekwini District, South Africa. Participants: A convenience sampling-based cross-sectional survey of food handlers (n=252) served as the study’s main source of data. A total of eight study sites across five municipal planning regions of eThekwini District were visited. The principal investigator administered the validated structured standardised questionnaire, using participants’ language of choice, which was either English or isiZulu. All the questions in the questionnaire were asked in exactly the same manner, following the same flow, in order to avoid bias and ensure consistency. Furthermore, the close-ended nature of questions in the questionnaire mitigated the risks of question manipulation. The questionnaire was adapted from the WHO’s five keys to a safer food manual. Primary and secondary outcome measures: The primary outcome was the knowledge, attitudes and self-reported practices towards safer donated foods. The secondary outcomes were the sanitary conditions of infrastructure and facilities, food handlers’ observed food handling behaviour and nutritional information/labelling. Results: The results show that the food handlers had good knowledge, positive attitude and acceptable behaviours towards safe food handling and general hygiene, with mean scores (SD) of 62.8 (14.6), 92.5 (14.1) and 80.4 (13.3), respectively. Significant correlations were found between knowledge and attitudes (p=0001), knowledge and practices (p<0001), and attitudes and practices (p=0.02). However, the correlations between knowledge versus attitude and attitude versus practice were poor (Spearman’s r<0.3), and the association between knowledge versus practice was moderate (0.3–0.7). The majority of food handlers (92.5%) did not understand the value of thorough cooking and temperature control. About 53% of respondents acknowledged to never adequately reheating cooked meals, 5% did not see the significance of preventing cross-contamination and 5% were unsure. Conclusions: Despite the relatively positive knowledge, attitude and practice levels of the food handlers, safe food handling and hygiene practices, such as thorough cooking and temperature control, properly reheating cooked meals and taking precautions to prevent cross-contamination, require some emphasis.
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The observations of food handling practices sharply contrast with self-reported high scores for cleanliness and safe handling procedures among CFAP food handlers in an earlier study by Makhunga et al.
“Interestingly, these observations sharply contrast with the self-reported high scores for cleanliness and safe handling procedures among CFAP food handlers in the earlier study by Makhunga et al.39.”
From Food handling practices and sanitary conditions of charitable food assistance programs in eThekwini District, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa (2024) · cites this paper as Makhunga et al.39
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- Authors
- Makhunga, S. E., Macherera, M., & Hlongwana, K.
- Affiliations
- University of KwaZulu-Natal (ZA)
- Lupane State University (ZW)
- Corresponding author
- Makhunga, Sizwe Earl
- Venue
- BMJ Open
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2023-04
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- e065357
- ISSN
- 2044-6055 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10151870
- OpenAlex
- W4366983388
- Cited by
- 15
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 1
- FWCI
- 2.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- BMJ Open (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- International Research and Exchanges Board
- Inyuvesi Yakwazulu-Natali
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Food Safety and Hygiene
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Salmonella and Campylobacter epidemiology
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Food Security and Health in Diverse Populations
- Keywords
- food handlers, safe food handling, charitable food assistance, food safety knowledge, food safety attitudes, food safety practices, food hygiene, cross-contamination prevention, temperature control, food labeling, nutrition information, food handler training, eThekwini District
- MeSH terms
- Cross-Sectional Studies, Food Handling, Humans, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, South Africa, Self Report, Food Safety, Food Assistance
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