The DOI matches its Crossref record; 16 of the 16 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Distance to trauma centres among gunshot wound victims: Identifying trauma “deserts” and “oases” in Detroit
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Among the factors related to survival among individuals with gun shot wounds (GSW) is distance to trauma care. Relatively little is known about neighbourhood-level patterns of GSW mortality and distance to hospitals with trauma centres. This study focuses on distance to the nearest trauma centre as a correlate of survival among GSW victims. METHODS: Fatal and non-fatal shooting incident data for 9,205 victimisation in Detroit, Michigan between 2011 and 2017 were collected. A Bayesian conditional autoregressive model was utilised to estimate block-group levels of GSW mortality. Clustering techniques were used to identify spatially proximate neighbourhoods with higher or lower than expected rates of GSW mortality. RESULTS: * analysis identified 91 block groups with lower than expected rates of GSW mortality and 12 block-groups with higher than expected rates. CONCLUSION: Distance to the nearest trauma centre is associated with GSW victim survival. Clusters of block-groups with below-average GSW mortality were observed within close proximity of major trauma centres in Detroit. Improving speed and access to trauma care may play a role in reducing GSW mortality.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Any analysis of police deadly force restricted to data that only include fatalities may produce results that are statistically biased by factors that influence mortality, such as whether bullets strike vital organs [12], whether police officers administer first aid or engage in “scoop and run” practices [15, 16], and whether an adult trauma care center is nearby [17, 18].”
From Factors associated with police shooting mortality: A focus on race and a plea for more comprehensive data (2021) · cites this paper as [17]
Citations
Cites
brms : An R Package for Bayesian Multilevel Models Using Stan
Bürkner, P.-C. (2017) · Journal of Statistical Software · doi:10.18637/jss.v080.i01 · Cited by 9,476
The Analysis of Spatial Association by Use of Distance Statistics
Getis, A., & Ord, J. K. (1992) · Geographical Analysis · doi:10.1111/j.1538-4632.1992.tb00261.x · Cited by 6,276
Simple Features for R: Standardized Support for Spatial Vector Data
Pebesma, E. (2018) · The R Journal · doi:10.32614/rj-2018-009 · Cited by 4,041
Local Spatial Autocorrelation Statistics: Distributional Issues and an Application
Ord, J., & Getis, A. (2010) · Geographical Analysis · doi:10.1111/j.1538-4632.1995.tb00912.x · Cited by 3,365
A National Evaluation of the Effect of Trauma-Center Care on Mortality
MacKenzie, E. J., Rivara, F. P., Jurkovich, G. J., Nathens, A. B., Frey, K. P., Egleston, B. L., Salkever, D. S., & Scharfstein, D. O. (2006) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmsa052049 · Cited by 2,573
Spatial autoregressive models for statistical inference from ecological data
Hoef, J. M. V., Peterson, E. E., Hooten, M. B., Hanks, E. M., & Fortin, M. (2017) · Ecological Monographs · doi:10.1002/ecm.1283 · Cited by 247
Crandall, M. L., Sharp, D., Unger, E. D., Straus, D., Brasel, K. J., Hsia, R. Y.-J., & Esposito, T. J. (2013) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2013.301223 · Cited by 199
Prehospital Procedures Before Emergency Department Thoracotomy: “Scoop and Run” Saves Lives
Seamon, M. J., Fisher, C. A., Gaughan, J. P., Lloyd, M., Bradley, K. M., Santora, T. A., Pathak, A. S., & Goldberg, A. J. (2007) · The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care · doi:10.1097/ta.0b013e31806842a1 · Cited by 188
The Association of Firearm Caliber With Likelihood of Death From Gunshot Injury in Criminal Assaults
Braga, A. A., & Cook, P. J. (2018) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.0833 · Cited by 152
Improving Survival Rates after Civilian Gunshot Wounds to the Brain
Joseph, B. A., Aziz, H., Pandit, V., Kulvatunyou, N., O’Keeffe, T., Wynne, J. L., Tang, A. L., Friese, R. S., & Rhee, P. (2013) · Journal of the American College of Surgeons · doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2013.08.018 · Cited by 128
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Neighborhood disadvantage and firearm injury: does shooting location matter?
Dalve, K., Gause, E. L., Mills, B. M., Floyd, A. S., Rivara, F. P., & Rowhani‐Rahbar, A. (2021) · Injury Epidemiology · doi:10.1186/s40621-021-00304-2 · Cited by 82
Nix, J., & Shjarback, J. A. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0259024 · Cited by 57
“If such information was made available, future studies might endeavor to geolocate shootings and measure the distance in miles or average drive time to the nearest or the exact trauma center to provide for more specificity in spatial-temporal analyses [17, 18].”
BackgroundShjarback, J. A., White, M. D., & Bishopp, S. A. (2021) · Injury Prevention · doi:10.1136/injuryprev-2020-043932 · Cited by 57
Community-Level Social Processes and Firearm Shooting Events: A Multilevel Analysis
Magee, L. A. (2020) · Journal of Urban Health · doi:10.1007/s11524-020-00424-y · Cited by 52
Shjarback, J. A., & Nix, J. (2019) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2019.101653 · Cited by 38
Gun victimization in the line of duty
Sierra‐Arévalo, M., & Nix, J. (2020) · Criminology & Public Policy · doi:10.1111/1745-9133.12507 · Cited by 32
Hatten, D. N., & Wolff, K. T. (2020) · Homicide Studies · doi:10.1177/1088767920916900 · Cited by 31
Nix, J. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0236158 · Cited by 25
Piza, E. L., Hatten, D. N., Carter, J. G., Baughman, J. H., & Mohler, G. (2022) · Policing A Journal of Policy and Practice · doi:10.1093/police/paac097 · Cited by 23
Spatial mismatch analyses of school land in China using a spatial statistical approach
Sun, W., Jin, H., Chen, Y., Hu, X., Li, Z., Kidd, A. N., & Liu, C. (2021) · Land Use Policy · doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105543 · Cited by 21
Leadership Matters: Police Chief Race and Fatal Shootings by Police Officers
Wu, S. (2020) · Social Science Quarterly · doi:10.1111/ssqu.12900 · Cited by 20
Trauma centers: an underfunded but essential asset to the community
Fracasso, J. L., & Ahmed, N. (2024) · Trauma Surgery & Acute Care Open · doi:10.1136/tsaco-2024-001436 · Cited by 19
Firearm Violence, Access to Care, and Gentrification
Scantling, D. R., Orji, W. U., Hatchimonji, J. S., Kaufman, E. J., & Holena, D. N. (2021) · Annals of Surgery · doi:10.1097/sla.0000000000004771 · Cited by 18
Trauma Center Drive Time Distances and Fatal Outcomes among Gunshot Wound Victims
Circo, G. M., & Wheeler, A. P. (2020) · Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy · doi:10.1007/s12061-020-09362-3 · Cited by 15
Self-citationDeath by the minute: Inequities in trauma care for victims of firearm violence
Poulson, M. R., Jay, J. S., Kenzik, K. M., Torres, C. M., Sanchez, S. E., Saillant, N. N., Holena, D. N., Galea, S., & Scantling, D. R. (2023) · The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care · doi:10.1097/ta.0000000000004219 · Cited by 14
Redefining trauma deserts: novel technique to accurately map prehospital transport time
Tatebe, L. C., Ho, V. P., Santry, H. P., & Tatebe, K. (2023) · Trauma Surgery & Acute Care Open · doi:10.1136/tsaco-2022-001013 · Cited by 13
Improving care and equity in the American trauma system: past, present and future
Smith, S. M., & Scantling, D. R. (2025) · Trauma Surgery & Acute Care Open · doi:10.1136/tsaco-2024-001729 · Cited by 10
Delgado, M. (2021) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197515518.001.0001 · Cited by 9
The Silent Epidemic of Gun Injuries
Delgado, M. (2022) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197609767.001.0001 · Cited by 9
Gagné, J. (2024) · PNAS Nexus · doi:10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae026 · Cited by 5
Boehme, H. M., Klein, B. R., Spencer, M. D., Jones, A., McMains-Nurisio, M., Morgan, K., & Trowbridge, J. (2025) · Injury Prevention · doi:10.1136/ip-2024-045442 · Cited by 5
Rougerie, L., Charbit, J., Mezzarobba, M., Léone, M., Duclos, G., Meaudre, E. E., Cungi, P., Bartoli, C., Thierry, G. R., Roger, C., et al. (2024) · Injury · doi:10.1016/j.injury.2024.111735 · Cited by 5
Injury and Mortality Profiles in Level II and III Trauma Centers
Farhat, A. A. K., Grigorian, A., Farhat, A., Chin, T. L., Donnelly, M., Dolich, M. O., Kuza, C. M., Lekawa, M. E., & Nahmias, J. T. (2021) · The American Surgeon · doi:10.1177/0003134820966290 · Cited by 5
A national analysis of trauma care proximity and firearm assault survival among U.S. police
Sierra‐Arévalo, M., Nix, J., & O’Guinn, B. J. (2022) · Police Practice and Research · doi:10.1080/15614263.2022.2036611 · Cited by 4
Mass shootings in the United States: Results from a five-year demographic analysis
Cavalea, A. C., Tedesco, A., Leonard, J., Hunt, J. P., Schoen, J. E., Smith, A. A., Greiffenstein, P. P., Marr, A. B., & Stuke, L. (2022) · Injury · doi:10.1016/j.injury.2022.01.004 · Cited by 4
Sheppard, K. G., & Tucker, R. (2022) · Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice · doi:10.1080/15377938.2022.2122648 · Cited by 4
Police dispatch times: The effects of neighborhood structural disadvantage
LaBerge, A., Mason, M., & Sanders, K. (2022) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2022.101885 · Cited by 3
Disparities Among Trauma Patients and Interventions to Address Equitable Health Outcomes
Estimé, S. R., Bradley, A. S., & Williams, B. H. (2022) · Current Trauma Reports · doi:10.1007/s40719-022-00224-6 · Cited by 3
Differences in Mortality Rates of Gunshot Victims: The Influence of Neighborhood Social Processes
Magee, L. A. (2021) · Homicide Studies · doi:10.1177/10887679211047162 · Cited by 3
Geographic Disparity in Distance to Trauma Care in Secondary Schools Across the United States
Yoshihara, A., Olson, M. B., Filep, E. M., Kim, D., Eason, C. M., Casa, D. J., & Huggins, R. A. (2023) · Journal of Athletic Training · doi:10.4085/1062-6050-0149.23 · Cited by 3
The Killing Cascade: More Officers, More Wounds, More Deaths in Police ShootingsPreprint
Nix, J., & Adams, I. T. (2026) · CrimRxiv · doi:10.21428/cb6ab371.874e801d · Cited by 3
Equity of Access to Care in an Urban Trauma System
Stolarski, A. E., Smith, S. M., Poulson, M. R., Holena, D. N., Galea, S., Kang, D., Torres, C. M., Saillant, N. N., & Scantling, D. R. (2025) · Journal of Surgical Research · doi:10.1016/j.jss.2025.07.010 · Cited by 2
Three Case Illustrations (Boston, Chicago, and Washington, D.C.)
Delgado, M. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197515518.003.0003
Social, Political, Economic, and Cultural Perspectives
Delgado, M. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197515518.003.0005
Understanding the Crisis of Urban Gun Violence
Delgado, M. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197515518.003.0004
Delgado, M. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197515518.003.0001
Recommendations for Education, Research, and Community Practice
Delgado, M. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197515518.003.0008
Delgado, M. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197515518.003.0009
Approaches to Preventing and Intervening With Gun Violence
Delgado, M. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197515518.003.0006
Delgado, M. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197515518.003.0007
An Overview of Urban Self-Help Organizations
Delgado, M. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197515518.003.0002
Delgado, M. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197609767.003.0009
Delgado, M. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197609767.003.0010
Delgado, M. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197609767.003.0004
Delgado, M. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197609767.003.0012
Community Interventions and Gun Injuries
Delgado, M. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197609767.003.0007
Delgado, M. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197609767.003.0001
Delgado, M. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197609767.003.0008
Delgado, M. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197609767.002.0004
Delgado, M. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197609767.002.0007
Delgado, M. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197609767.003.0011
Delgado, M. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197609767.003.0005
Delgado, M. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197609767.003.0006
Delgado, M. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197609767.002.0003
Delgado, M. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197609767.003.0003
Gun Injury Research and Statistics
Delgado, M. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197609767.003.0002
Delgado, M. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197515518.002.0005
Delgado, M. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197515518.002.0007
Delgado, M. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197515518.002.0004
Predictive model for optimizing prehospital transfusions in an urban EMS system
Zeng, B., Brown, J. B., Lu, Z., McMahon, J., Weiss, L. S., Bidanda, B., & Yazer, M. H. (2025) · Transfusion · doi:10.1111/trf.18209
Distance of Mass School Shootings From Trauma Centers
Do, B. N. V., Myers, J. W., & Minhas, P. S. (2026) · JAMA Surgery · doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2025.6382
Metadata
- Authors
- Circo, G. M.
- Affiliations
- University of New Haven (US)
- Corresponding author
- Circo, Giovanni M
- ORCID
- Circo, Giovanni M
- Venue
- Injury Prevention
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2019-06-03
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- Suppl 1
- Pages
- i39-i43
- ISSN
- 1353-8047 (ISSN-L)
- 1475-5785
- OpenAlex
- W2948865774
- Cited by
- 60
- References
- 16
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 11.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Injury Prevention (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Justice (2013-R2-CX-0015)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Gun Ownership and Violence Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Emergency Medicine › Trauma and Emergency Care Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Crime Patterns and Interventions
- Keywords
- gunshot wounds, trauma centers, trauma care access, census block groups, Detroit
- MeSH terms
- Bayes Theorem, Emergency Medical Services, Humans, Trauma Centers, United States, Wounds, Gunshot, Injury Severity Score, Time-to-Treatment
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
