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Associations of financial strain and income with depressive and anxiety disorders

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Dijkstra-Kersten, Sandra M A, Biesheuvel-Leliefeld, Karolien E M, van der Wouden, Johannes C, Penninx, Brenda W J H, van Marwijk, Harm W J·2015·Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health

DOI 10.1136/jech-2014-205088

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Previous research has shown socioeconomic inequality in prevalence and onset of depressive disorders. It is not yet clear whether perceived financial strain is associated with depressive and/or anxiety disorders in addition to an objective indicator, such as income. This study examines whether financial strain is associated with the prevalence and onset/recurrence of depressive and/or anxiety disorders, above income. METHODS: Data are from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety. Associations between financial strain, income and presence of depressive and/or anxiety disorder at baseline were assessed among 2937 participants (18-65 years). Impact of financial strain and income on 4-year onset/recurrence of depressive and/or anxiety disorders were examined among 1250 participants without a depressive or anxiety disorder at baseline. Depressive and anxiety disorders were determined with the Composite-International-Diagnostic-Interview. Financial strain and income were assessed in an interview. RESULTS: Participants with mild or severe financial strain had higher odds of being depressed (OR=1.68, 95% CI 1.35 to 2.09; OR=3.88, 95% CI 2.58 to 5.81) or remitted (OR=1.56, 95% CI 1.24 to 1.96; OR=1.99, 95% CI 1.27 to 3.11) at baseline compared with healthy controls, after adjusting for income. Mild or severe financial strain was not associated with onset/recurrence of depressive and/or anxiety disorders during follow-up (OR=1.08, 95% CI 0.83 to 1.42; OR=1.05, 95% CI 0.64 to 1.73). CONCLUSIONS: Financial strain was associated with having a depressive and/or anxiety disorder, above the effect of income. Healthcare and social services should be alert to this association, even for higher income households. However, financial strain and income were not related with 4-year onset/recurrence of depressive and/or anxiety disorders.

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Authors: Dijkstra-Kersten, S. M. A., Biesheuvel-Leliefeld, K. E. M., van der Wouden, J. C., Penninx, B. W. J. H., & van Marwijk, H. W. J.
Affiliations: Department of General Practice & Elderly Care Medicine and the EMGO+Institute for Health and Care Research (EMGO+), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam Public Health (NL)
ORCID: Biesheuvel-Leliefeld, Karolien E M
Penninx, Brenda W J H
Venue: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health
Publisher: BMJ
Published: 2015-01-30
Volume: 69
Issue: 7
Pages: 660-665
ISSN: 0141-7681 (ISSN-L)
0143-005X
1470-2738
DOI: 10.1136/jech-2014-205088
OpenAlex: W2161823627
Cited by: 157
References: 16
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 1
FWCI: 8.73
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
pure.amsterdamumc.nl
Licence: other-oa
Locations: Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
Pure Amsterdam UMC (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion)
VU Research Portal (submittedVersion)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Universiteit Leiden (10‐000‐1002)
ZonMw (10‐000‐1002)
Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum
Universitair Medisch Centrum Groningen
Topics: Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Employment and Welfare Studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Keywords: financial stress, income, depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, socioeconomic disparities, mental health
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Anxiety Disorders, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depressive Disorder, Educational Status, Employment, Female, Humans, Income, Interviews as Topic, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Netherlands, Social Class, Multicenter Studies as Topic, Logistic Models, Case-Control Studies, Young Adult

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Associations of financial strain and income with depressive and anxiety disorders

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