CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 179Health disparities and outcomesPublic Health and Social InequalitiesIncome, Poverty, and Inequality

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 35 of the 36 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Income inequality and health: multilevel analysis of Chilean communities

Open access
Subramanian, S V, Delgado, I, Jadue, L, Vega, J, Kawachi, I·2003·Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health
DOI 10.1136/jech.57.11.844PMC PMC1732331
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Study objective: The evidence supporting the effect of income inequality on health has been largely observed in societies far more egalitarian than the US. This study examines the cross sectional multilevel associations between income inequality and self rated poor health in Chile; a society more unequal than the US. Design: A multilevel statistical framework of 98 344 people nested within 61 978 households nested within 285 communities nested within 13 regions. Setting: The 2000 National Socioeconomic Characterization Survey (CASEN) data from Chile. Participants: Adults aged 18 and above. The outcome was a dichotomised self rated health (0 if very good, good or average; 1 if poor, or very poor). Individual level exposures included age, sex, ethnicity, marital status, education, employment status, type of health insurance, and household level exposures include income and residential setting (urban/rural). Community level exposures included the Gini coefficient and median income. Main results: Controlling for individual/household predictors, a significant gradient was observed between income and poor self rated health, with very poor most likely to report poor health (OR: 2.94) followed by poor (OR: 2.77), low (OR: 2.06), middle (OR: 1.73), high (OR: 1.38) as compared with the very high income earners. Controlling for household and community effects of income, a significant effect of community income inequality was observed (OR:1.22). Conclusions: Household income does not explain any of the between community differences; neither does it account for the effect of community income inequality on self rated health, with more unequal communities associated with a greater probability of reporting poor health.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1136/jech.57.11.844

Cites

35 of 35 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 36 references

Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. Kawachi I, Kennedy BP, Wilkinson RG, eds. Income inequality and health: a reader. New York: The New Press, 1999.
  2. Jones K, Duncan C, Twigg L. Evaluating the absolute and relative income hypothesis in an exploratory analysis of deaths in the Health and Lifestyle Survey. In: Boyle P, ed. The geography of health inequalities in the developed world. London: Routledge, 2002.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Items 101–179 of 179

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Subramanian, S. V., Delgado, I., Jadue, L., Vega, J., & Kawachi, I.
Affiliations
  • Harvard University (US)
  • Gobierno de Chile (CL)
Corresponding author
Subramanian, S V
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health
Publisher
BMJ
Published
2003-11
Volume
57
Issue
11
Pages
844-848
ISSN
  • 0141-7681 (ISSN-L)
  • 0143-005X
  • 1470-2738
DOI
10.1136/jech.57.11.844
PMC
PMC1732331
OpenAlex
W2073956826
Cited by
179
References
36
Citations by year
2025: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 11
FWCI
8.92
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
  • Social Sciences › Health › Public Health and Social Inequalities
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Income, Poverty, and Inequality
Keywords
income inequality, self-rated health, Gini coefficient, household income, socioeconomic status, health disparities, Chile, urban-rural differences, health insurance
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Chile, Female, Health Services Accessibility, Health Status Indicators, Health Surveys, Humans, Income, Male, Middle Aged, Poverty, Self-Assessment, Socioeconomic Factors

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review