The DOI matches its Crossref record; 11 of the 14 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 17 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Penfield's homunculus: a note on cerebral cartography
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TL;DR
Schott’s historical essay examines how Penfield’s homunculus illustrations, beginning in 1937, became highly influential but remained scientifically ambiguous and mixed observation with artistic convention. It traces their evolution and argues they gave an unjustified impression of single, established cortical maps.
Key findings
- The first homunculus, published by Penfield and Boldrey in 1937 and drawn by Mrs H P Cantlie, combined motor and sensory features symmetrically; its sizing rationale was unclear, especially the undefined terms “perpendicular” and “vertical,” and the drawing did not distinguish unilateral from bilateral effects.
- The 1950 Penfield and Rasmussen version separated motor and sensory representations, placed the figure along the cortical surface, and came closer to a map tied to surgically identified brain areas; by 1954, Penfield and Jasper presented multiple homunculi for Rolandic, secondary sensory, and supplementary motor regions while explicitly calling them memory aids or cartoons rather than topographically accurate.
- Later homunculi in the thalamus and elsewhere, including those associated with Hassler et al. and Creutzfeldt, are described as increasingly artistic devices with doubtful scientific value; animal figurines such as the simiusculus followed the human precedent.
- Schott argues the homunculus misleadingly suggests a single, settled cortical representation, whereas evidence from animal work indicates multiple somatosensory areas, plasticity, and possible differences between maps of evoked potentials and maps of perceived sensations.
Methods
- Historical and critical commentary rather than an empirical study; no new experiments or primary data are reported.
- The analysis draws on published works and illustrations by Penfield and collaborators from 1937, 1950, and 1954, along with related historical and experimental literature.
- The main approach is interpretive: comparing visual conventions, terminology, cartographic problems, and the scientific claims attached to the homunculus.
Limitations
- The paper states no formal limitations.
- Evident from the text: as an editorial-style essay, it offers no systematic review, no new data, and relies on selected historical sources and reproductions.
- Evident from the text: its central critique is interpretive, and the author acknowledges ongoing ambiguity about what the homunculus was intended to represent.
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Claims the paper makes
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In the paper
“This compares with the first homunculus, which was not drawn in relation to the hemispheres at all.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“there are formidable cartographic diffi- culties in using a device such as an homunculus as a type of map.”
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes? Checkable: unclear✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“patients with damage affecting somatosensory systems show evidence of marked somatotopic reorganisation at thalamic level.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [12]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
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In the paper
“Penfield's data obtained using comparatively large-diameter stimulating electrodes in patients with brain disease”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [1] Hassler R, Mundinger F, Riechert T. Stereotaxis in Parkinson syndrome. Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1979: (front cover). source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Penfield and Jasper3 were the first to place a homunculus in this subcortical region”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [3] Penfield W, Rasmussen T. The cerebral corltex of man. New York: Macmillan, 1950:44, 56, 214-15.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“maps of cortical potentials evoked peripherally are not identical to maps of perceived sensa- tions induced by direct cortical stimulation.”
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes? Based: unclearIn the paper
“They described their work on the effects of stimulation of the cerebral cortex in man, the procedures being carried out as exploratory manoeuvres to delineate the appropriate area for subsequent surgical intervention.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [1] Hassler R, Mundinger F, Riechert T. Stereotaxis in Parkinson syndrome. Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1979: (front cover). source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“It was the first time pictorial means of illustrating cortical representation had been attempted; it was thus an entire- ly new concept”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [1] Hassler R, Mundinger F, Riechert T. Stereotaxis in Parkinson syndrome. Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1979: (front cover). source
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In the paper
“The homunculus, however, is outlined by an imaginary 'envelope' which does not exist.”
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“From experi- ments using electrical stimulation techniques in monkeys, however, it seems probable that the concept of simple somatotopic organisation is inadequate.8”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [8] Dennett DC. Brainstornms. Philosophical essayNs on miind and psychology. Hassocks, Sussex: Harvester Press 1979:57-59.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 20
- It may state two separate claims as one. 18
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In the paper
“draped along the cortical surface and interhemispheric fissure.In this homunculus, however, the motor and sensory representations have been separat- ed, slightly modified and corrected”
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In the paper
“responses have been transposed to the same side of the brain for the purposes of representation, and it is not possible from the illustra- tion to distinguish unilateral from bilateral effects of cor- tical stimulation.”
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In the paper
“It was symmetrical in shape and illustrated both motor and sensory features together”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“Penfield's homunculus is shown with an outline which encompasses the area of cortical representation.”
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In the paper
“Whilst the homunculus appears to relate to length rather than width, the parts illustrated are in fact enlarged in both dimensions.”
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All these animal representations are more figurative than accurate, contrasting with the extremely accurate mapping of localised evoked potentials illustrat- ed diagrammatically rather than by means of figurines.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“It suggests that the homunculus has taken over from its authors, and illustration has out- stripped the scientific evidence available.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“At cortical level, plasticity of maps of outputs of the human motor system has been demonstrated after amputation, paraplegia and hemispherectomy, and changes in sensorimotor represen- tation have been demonstrated in blind braille readers”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Pascual-Leone et at
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“Penfield and Jasper now illustrated three sets of homun- culi (fig 3), the first set (motor and sensory) in relation to the Rolandic fissure, a second apparently purely sensory homunculus in the secondary sensory area near the Sylvian fissure, and a third homunculus (virtually only motor) in the supplementary motor cortex.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [3] Penfield W, Rasmussen T. The cerebral corltex of man. New York: Macmillan, 1950:44, 56, 214-15.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“They confirmed the precise topography of cortical localisation, and were able to relate stimulation of a discrete part of the brain with motor and sensory phenomena affecting a particular part of the body.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [1] Hassler R, Mundinger F, Riechert T. Stereotaxis in Parkinson syndrome. Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1979: (front cover). source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Penfield was aware not only of this individual variation but also that the effects of cortical stimulation could change after surgery.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [1] Hassler R, Mundinger F, Riechert T. Stereotaxis in Parkinson syndrome. Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1979: (front cover). source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Thirteen years later, in their monograph entitled The cerebral cortex of man, Penfield and Rasmussen made another attempt to illustrate cortical representation.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [2] Creutzfeldt OD. Cortex cerebri. Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1983: 216.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
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- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These difficulties include two-dimensional repre- sentation of diverse, three-dimensional information both in the periphery and in the brain, the representation of multiple and sometimes overlapping images, and simulta- neous representation of bilateral and unilateral data.”
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“it is this unresolvable difficulty which makes the homunculus an unsatisfactory and per- haps even misleading image.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Scientific illustrations of brain function should be accurate and unambiguous to be scientifically valuable.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“inappropriate representation could actually impede scientific advance.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus Penfield's homunculus is not only ambiguous in what exactly it does represent, but also gives an unjustified impression of cortical representation which is both single and established.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes? Checkable: unclear✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The homunculus appears now to have degenerated into a purely artistic device vaguely based on animal experimental work, without any scientific basis to justify the human form portrayed.”
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For the sensory homunculus, Merzenich et aO provide evidence for multi- ple maps representing different functions, and there is evidence in non-human primates that there are as many as seven or more somatosensory areas”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Merzenich et aO
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [10] Welker C. Receptive fields of barrels in the somatosensory neocortex of the rat. 7 Comtparative Neuirol 1976;166: 173-190. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“The essence of all such drawings is that they are forms of maps, which represent how one collection of points is linked to another.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [10] Welker C. Receptive fields of barrels in the somatosensory neocortex of the rat. 7 Comtparative Neuirol 1976;166: 173-190. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“what actually was represented, however, was ambiguous and confusing.”
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“there is uncertainty as to what actually was being represented.”
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In the paper
“Some patients report that the phantom that follows amputation often fades, but it does so in a non-sequential manner.”
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, the first figurine was human, with Penfield's homunculus the precedent for the profusion of illustrations of experimental work on animals.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear? Based: unclearIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The border between fact and imagination has been blurred: the homunculus has been imbued with character”
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the homunculus as represented by Penfield gives the impres- sion of single motor and sensory maps.”
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is clear that both scientifically and graphically there is considerable ambiguity in what Penfield was intending to illustrate.”
Load-bearingStrength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With this stated aim, however, it seems curiously contradictory to represent meticulous scientific observa- tions by means of an homunculus.”
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“the length of the bars giving an indication of the relative cortical areas from which the corresponding responses were elicited.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [2] Creutzfeldt OD. Cortex cerebri. Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1983: 216.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
The paper relies on this without support.
Scientific illustrations of brain function should be accurate and unambiguous to be scientifically valuable.
“Maps, however, are designed to be accurate as well as informative”
Citations
Cites
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Flagged first, then by citations
3 of the 14 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 3
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“…based on the Penfield homunculus, where the hands are shown to be a very sensitive tissue [60], due to the higher concentration of fast adapting receptors such as the Meissner and Pacini receptors, which are responsible for the uptake of vibrational stimuli as stated above [61], [62], [63], [64].”
BackgroundMotor somatotopy impacts imagery strategy success in human intracortical brain–computer interfaces
Kunigk, N. G., Schone, H. R., Gontier, C., Hockeimer, W., Tortolani, A. F., Hatsopoulos, N. G., Downey, J. E., Chase, S. M., Boninger, M. L., Dekleva, B. M., et al. (2025) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/adb995 · Cited by 7
“The observation of a somatotopic gradient from single unit activity adds nuance to reports of broad tuning in intracortical recordings [15, 27, 29, 49] and traditional views of somatotopic organization [18, 23, 24, 50].”
Vuong, Q. C., Shaaban, A. M., Black, C., Smith, J., Nassar, M., Abozied, A., Degenaar, P. A., & Al‐Atabany, W. (2020) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2020.548030 · Cited by 6
“Figure 3 shows the clusters in SI and SII, with some evidence that the cluster in SI mapping closely to the somatotopic finger regions in Penfield’s homunculus (Schott, 1993).”
BackgroundYamaki, T., Hatakeyama, N., Murayama, T., et al. (2023) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.26270 · Cited by 6
“…from the precentral gyrus area for the1st to6th sliceð Þ: FDG-PET images that had been automatically normalized to 60 slices using NEURO FLEXER software (Nihon Mediphysics Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) were compared with the Penfield's homunculus on cerebral cartography (Catani, 2017; Schott, 1993).”
BackgroundMethodBiological evolution based on nonrandom variability regulated by the organism
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“Kraus followed by Foerster reported on the frequent use of electrical stimulation of the brain to map out areas of critical function during epilepsy surgery [4, 9]. Penfield traveled to Breslau to observe Foerster’s technique for epilepsy surgery and then brought it back to Montreal where he developed his now famous h…”
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Park, Y., & Chung, W. (2018) · International Winter Conference on Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) · doi:10.1109/iww-bci.2018.8311528 · Cited by 5
“The reference signals were obtained through the FPz [8].”
MethodCategorisation as Topographic Mapping between Uncorrelated Spaces
Ellison, T. M. (2013) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-44958-1_10 · Cited by 5
“Penfield and Boldrey [20, 26] sought to express only the area of cortex assigned to particular somatosensory organs in their first homunculus.”
BackgroundResultThe Rodent Vibrissal System as a Model to Study Motor Cortex Function
Chakrabarti, S., & Schwarz, C. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2975-7_6 · Cited by 6
The Paraventricular Hypothalamus: A Sorting Center for Visceral and Somatic Pain
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“1) [2].”
Studying motor cortex function using the rodent vibrissal system
Chakrabarti, S., & Schwarz, C. (2014) · e-Neuroforum · doi:10.1007/s13295-014-0051-y · Cited by 4
Phantom Sensations: A Neurophenomenological Exploration of Body Memory
Breyer, T. (2018) · Neuroethics · doi:10.1007/s12152-018-9356-9 · Cited by 5
“and hand are directly adjacent to one another on the somatotopic map (this phenomenon is also known as Penfield’s homunculus [7]).”
BackgroundExperimental nerve transfer model in the neonatal rat
Sporer, M. E., Aman, M., Bergmeister, K. D., et al. (2021) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/1673-5374.324851 · Cited by 4
“, 2020), the axonal innervation density of individual muscles, as well as the cortical representation of the extremity following surgery (Schott, 1993; Farina et al., 2017; Li et al., 2021) also vary substantially.”
BackgroundLong-range tactile masking occurs in the postural body schema
D’Amour, S., & Harris, L. R. (2015) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-015-4485-4 · Cited by 4
Self-Organizing Neural Population Coding for improving robotic visuomotor coordination
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“A similar topographic mapping is thought to exist in the mammalian cortex[10].”
BackgroundBrain-Machine Interfaces: From Macro- to Microcircuits
Lebedev, M., & Opriș, I. C. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-9900-3_21 · Cited by 4
Letter to the Editor: Reexamining Penfield’s Homunculus
Ward, Z. B. (2014) · Journal of the History of the Neurosciences · doi:10.1080/0964704x.2013.868972 · Cited by 4
“Like most other commentators (Schott, 1993; Pogliano, 2012), they convey a clear preference for the 1950 homunculi, calling them “Penfield’s first, and arguably his last, real visual maps of human cortical functional anatomy, to be created with the intent of displaying this information with…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMotor-cognitive aging: The role of motor cortex and its pathways
Wen, J., Liang, Z., Li, C., Pang, H., Jiang, L., Li, J., Guan, X., Zhang, J., Rusinek, H., Xu, X., et al. (2025) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121472 · Cited by 5
“The primary motor cortex (M1), located in the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe (Ribas, 2010), plays a crucial role in voluntary movement and exhibits a somatotopic organization (Schott, 1993).”
Handiru, V. S., Vinod, A. P., & Guan, C. (2016) · Conference proceedings/Conference proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics · doi:10.1109/smc.2016.7844662 · Cited by 3
“It can also be noted that the cortical sources pertaining to complex motor tasks are located very close to each other in the motor cortex [15].”
BackgroundArtificial Sensory Feedback to the Brain: Somatosensory Feedback for Neural Devices and BCI
Bjånes, D. A., & Moritz, C. T. (2022) · Handbook of Neuroengineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-2848-4_111-2 · Cited by 3
Die Bedeutung des Fußes in der Sprache, in Symbolen und Mythen
Zwipp, H. (2018) · Zeitschrift für Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie · doi:10.1055/a-0661-6250 · Cited by 3
“Es ist daher nicht verwunderlich, dass die sensible Repräsentationszone des Fußes am Kortex unseres Hirns ausgedehnter ist als die der Hand, wohingegen die motorische Repräsentation der Hand auf der gegenseitigen kortikalen Hirnhemisphäre analog größer ist [6,8].”
BackgroundThe Future of Neural Interface Technology
Park, M. C., Goldman, M. A., Belknap, T. W., & Friehs, G. M. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-69960-6_193 · Cited by 3
Ruwisch, D., Dobrzewski, B., & Bode, M. (2002) · doi:10.1109/nnsp.1997.622411 · Cited by 3
Trigeminal Mechanisms of Nociception: Peripheral and Brain Stem Organization
Bereiter, D. A., & Hargreaves, K. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809324-5.24130-8 · Cited by 3
Togha, M. M., Salehi, M. R., & Abiri, E. (2020) · Biomedical Physics & Engineering Express · doi:10.1088/2057-1976/ab70e7 · Cited by 3
“Therefore, using the position data concerning the electrodes as well as Penfield’s homunculus [21], a few of the electrodes are selected for the feature extraction.”
MethodImaging somatosensory cortex: human functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)Preprint
Puckett, A. M., & Panchuelo, R. S. (2022) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/d98yt · Cited by 3
HCP Multi-Pipeline: a derived dataset to investigate analytical variability in fMRI
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Effect of mixed-reality therapy on finger movement function of hemiplegic stroke patients
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Rotenstreich, L., Eliyahu, K., Edery, N., et al. (2025) · The Anatomical Record · doi:10.1002/ar.70103 · Cited by 2
Management of Intolerance to Casting the Upper Extremities in Claustrophobic Patients
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“It is known that the brain area that receives input from hand abuts the area devoted to the neck [10].”
BackgroundThe Cerebral Cortex and the Songs of Homer: When Neuroscience Meets History and Literature
Saccheri, P., Travan, L., & Crivellato, E. (2022) · The Neuroscientist · doi:10.1177/10738584221102862 · Cited by 2
“…criticism, this model of representing the human body continues to serve as a practical guide for clinicians and scientists, although brain representation of the human body has been the subject of new studies and important advances thanks to modern neuroimaging methods (Schott 1993; Stamenov 2005).”
BackgroundBackWards — Unveiling the brain’s topographic organization of paraspinal sensory input
Guekos, A., Cole, D. M., Dörig, M., Stämpfli, P., Schibli, L., Schuetz, P., Schweinhardt, P., & Meier, M. L. (2023) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120431 · Cited by 2
Crichton, P., & Crichton, P. (1994) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.57.4.525 · Cited by 2
Cómo funciona la mente: La representación visual de los procesos cerebrales
Hagner, M. (2010) · Arbor · doi:10.3989/arbor.2010.743n1208 · Cited by 2
“…de determinadas regiones, o el fracaso a la hora de diferenciar diversas localizaciones o tipos de estimulación– y por consiguiente también de haber traspasado la frontera que separa al hecho de la ficción: “Con el homúnculo, la ciencia ha cedido el paso a la filosofía” (Schott, 1993, 333).”
BackgroundCâmara, D. (2015) · Cited by 2
Independent components for EEG signal classification
Olivier, T. E., Du, S., van Wyk, B. J., & Hamam, Y. (2016) · doi:10.1145/3028842.3028875 · Cited by 2
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An EEG Source Imaging-based Feature Extraction Method for Motor Imagery Classification
Li, J., & Zheng, N. (2022) · Conference proceedings/Conference proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics · doi:10.1109/smc53654.2022.9945567 · Cited by 2
“Experimental results show that four subjects, namely A01, A03, A08 and A09, are with obvious average source ERD phenomenon according to the theory of the cortical homunculus [4].”
BackgroundNsugbe, E., Samuel, O. W., Asogbon, M. G., & Lagos, J. J. R. (2024) · Biomedical Engineering Advances · doi:10.1016/j.bea.2024.100117 · Cited by 2
Edwin Boldrey and Wilder Penfield's Homunculus: From Past to Present
Matias, C. M. (2019) · World Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2019.11.144 · Cited by 2
Determining the detection threshold for perception of selected textural attributes
Aktar, T. (2015) · White Rose eTheses Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) · Cited by 2
Cerebral Cortex: Motor Learning ☆
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Advancing Attention Control Using VR-Induced Multimodal Artificial SynesthesiaPreprint
Reif, J. H., & Alhalabi, W. (2018) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints201808.0134.v1 · Cited by 2
“Subsequent investigations by [48], [49], [65], [50] have extended this work.”
BackgroundDesigning an Interactive Device to Slow Progression of Alzheimer’s Disease
Huang, T.-Y., Chen, H.-J., & Wu, F. (2019) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-22419-6_39 · Cited by 1
Imaging Somatosensory Cortex: Human Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
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Real-time motion-enabling positron emission tomography of the brain of upright ambulatory humans
Siva, N. K., Bauer, C. E., Glover, C., Stolin, A., Chandi, S., Melnick, H., Marano, G., Parker, B., Mandich, M., Lewis, J. W., et al. (2024) · Communications Medicine · doi:10.1038/s43856-024-00547-2 · Cited by 1
Sensory “pseudoperipheral” migraine aura
Alonso‐Navarro, H., & Jiménez‐Jiménez, F. J. (2009) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-009-5095-5 · Cited by 1
“It could be speculated that there is a transient activation of restricted areas of the parasagital region of the primary somatosensory area, according to Penfield’s sensory homunculus [ 6 ].”
BackgroundFlores-Luna, R. I., Torres-Martínez, P. D., García-del-Gállego, M., et al. (2014) · doi:10.1115/imece2014-39294 · Cited by 1
Functional Anatomy of the Major Lobes
Sibilla, L. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-57427-1_5 · Cited by 3
Neuroinnovation in Medicine: History and Future
Choi, O. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-14339-7_2 · Cited by 1
Artificial Sensory Feedback to the Brain: Somatosensory Feedback for Neural Devices and BCI
Bjånes, D. A., & Moritz, C. T. (2023) · Handbook of Neuroengineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-5540-1_111 · Cited by 1
Outlining auriculotherapy in anxiety as an evidence-based medicine: A brief overview
Vieira, A., Moreira, A., & Machado, J. P. (2023) · Revista Internacional de Acupuntura · doi:10.1016/j.acu.2023.100252 · Cited by 1
“59 The same organization is thought to happen in the auricle, the acupuncture points corresponding to reflexes with body organs would be divided according to an organized anatomical arrangement.”
BackgroundPseudoradicular Sensory Loss Caused by a Cerebral Demyelinative Lesion
Numasawa, Y., Irioka, T., & Mizusawa, H. (2008) · Internal Medicine · doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.47.1141 · Cited by 1
The Automatic Nerve Signal Transmission and Conscious Primacy Hypothesis
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Neuroscience and the New Psychologies: Epistemological First Aid
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Is There a Better Way to Assess Parkinsonian Motor Symptoms?—Experimental and Modelling Approach
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No Mental Life after Brain Death: The Argument from the Neural Localization of Mental Functions
Piccinini, G., & Bahar, S. (2015) · Cited by 1
Sharov, A. A., & Tønnessen, M. (2021) · Biosemiotics/Biosemiotics. Bookseries · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-89484-9_10 · Cited by 1
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MATTERS ARISING: Schott replies:
Schott, G. D. (1994) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.57.4.525-a · Cited by 1
Self-citationThe influence of walking aids on the recovery of gait function and balance following stroke
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Handiru, V. S. (2018) · doi:10.32657/10356/73334 · Cited by 1
“The hypothesis is based on the concept of motor homunculus which highlights that the cortical sources involved in complex movement tasks are located closely [174].”
BackgroundÉmergence du moi cérébral de Theodor Meynert à Antonio Damasio
Arminjon, M., Ansermet, F., & Magistretti, P. J. (2010) · PSN · doi:10.1007/s11836-010-0152-9 · Cited by 1
BOOK REVIEWS: Surgery for Stroke.
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“Hier wurde noch LG 20 mit Bezug zum Beckenboden und dem Urogenitaltrakt (Wirkung auch über den Homunkulus) [3, 4] und auf die Leber (Psyche) ins Programm aufgenommen.”
BackgroundNoto, P. D., Newman, L., Wall, S. D., et al. (2012)
Novel methodology to map the motor cortex
Ayling, O. G. S. (2011) · cIRcle (University of British Columbia) · doi:10.14288/1.0071810
Die Lokalisationsdiskussion vor 60 Jahren und heute
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Lehmann, S. J. (2013) · Repository for Publications and Research Data (ETH Zurich) · doi:10.3929/ethz-a-009787079
“M1 shows a rough somatotopic map representing different parts of the body, also known as Penfield’s classic “homunculus” (Schott, 1993).”
BackgroundWhat Does Awake Surgery bring to Glioma Surgery?( Progress in Treatment for Malignant Gliomas)
Kumabe, T., Iwasaki, M., Nagamatsu, K., et al. (2010) · Japanese Journal of Neurosurgery · doi:10.7887/jcns.19.907
Mapping and Lesioning the Living Brain
Rutten, G.-J. M. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-54633-9_6
Cerebral Cortex: Motor Learning
Sanes, J. N. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012370509-9.00187-x
Tavakolan, M. (2017) · Summit (Simon Fraser University)
O’Brien, S. (2017) · e-scholar@UOIT (University of Ontario Institute of Technology)
Análisis, decodificación y clasificación de la señal EEG en entornos tridimensionales
Egea, T. G. (2015) · doi:10.31428/10317/7231
“Desde entonces, han sido muchos los autores que han ampliado estas conclusiones y utilizado el trabajo de Penfield para formular nuevos planteamientos a partir de la representación visual de las diversas funciones del cuerpo innervadas en la corteza cerebral, conocida como el Homúnculo de Penfield [88].”
Background皮質体性感覚野の身体表現理解を促すFace Homunculus Viewer
祥代, 上., 成朗, 吉., 淳司, 渡., et al. (2019) · 日本バーチャルリアリティ学会論文誌 · doi:10.18974/tvrsj.24.1_3
Gestione massofisioterapica dei pazienti cerebrolesi al risveglio dal coma
Guntz-Stumpf, A., Froehlig, P., & Rousseau, M. (2019) · EMC - Medicina Riabilitativa · doi:10.1016/s1283-078x(19)42056-7
Tratamiento masokinesiterapéutico del paciente con lesión cerebral al despertar de coma
Guntz-Stumpf, A., Froehlig, P., & Rousseau, M. (2019) · EMC - Kinesiterapia - Medicina Física · doi:10.1016/s1293-2965(19)42034-3
Hedman, A. (2017) · Studies in neuroscience, consciousness and spirituality · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-52975-2_5
Câmara, D. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-78548-021-8.50003-x
Isolated cortical lingual palsy: a slip of the tongue
Sayyed, J. V., Divya, K. P., Cherian, A., et al. (2020) · Acta Neurologica Belgica · doi:10.1007/s13760-020-01493-1
Phantom Pains and Prosthetic Narratives: From George Dedlow to Dante
Minnis, A. J. (2021)
Age-related changes in the human primary motor cortex: A macroscopic and microscopic study
George, A., & Usha, K. K. (2021) · Asian Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.3126/ajms.v12i11.37798
Cirugía con despertar operatorio para procesos expansivos cerebrales. Reporte de 20 casos.
Martínez, F., Moragues, R., Bertullo, G., et al. (2021) · Revista Uruguaya de Medicina Interna · doi:10.26445/06.03.7
Metadata
- Authors
- Schott, G. D.
- Corresponding author
- Schott, G D
- ORCID
- Schott, G D
- Venue
- Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 1993-04-01
- Volume
- 56
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 329-333
- ISSN
- 0022-3050 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC1014945
- OpenAlex
- W1977511501
- Semantic Scholar
- 8e4cf6a9481532759799d868ea788a5ac066c05d
- Cited by
- 222
- References
- 14
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 8
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurology and Historical Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › History of Medical Practice
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › History of Science and Medicine
- Keywords
- homunculus, cortical mapping, sensory homunculus, motor homunculus
- MeSH terms
- Brain Mapping, Humans, Medical Illustration, Motor Cortex, Somatosensory Cortex, United States, History, 20th Century
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