Functional symptoms in neurology: mimics and chameleons
Abstract
The mimics and chameleons of functional symptoms in neurology could be a whole textbook of neurology. Nevertheless, there are some recurring themes when things go wrong, notably diagnostic bias introduced by the presence or absence of psychiatric comorbidity or life events, neurological diseases that look 'weird' and lack of appreciation of the more unusual features of functional symptoms themselves.
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Clinician reliance on a history of psychiatric comorbidity or adverse experience is one of the most common reasons for an incorrect diagnosis of FND.
“Clinician reliance on a history of psychiatric comorbidity or of adverse experience is one of the most common reasons for an incorrect diagnosis of FND [38]”
From Functional neurological disorder and multiple sclerosis: a systematic review of misdiagnosis and clinical overlap (2022) · cites this paper as [38]
Cites
Goldstein, L. H. (2006) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.2005.066878 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Functional weakness: Clues to mechanism from the nature of onset
Stone, J., Warlow, C., & Sharpe, M. (2012) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp-2011-300125 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
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Functional neurological disorder: new subtypes and shared mechanisms
Hallett, M., Aybek, S., Dworetzky, B. A., McWhirter, L., Staab, J. P., & Stone, J. (2022) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(21)00422-1 · Cited by 538 · see citing works
Self-citationFunctional neurological disorders: The neurological assessment as treatment
Stone, J. (2016) · Practical Neurology · doi:10.1136/practneurol-2015-001241 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Self-citationFunctional (Psychogenic) Cognitive Disorders: A Perspective from the Neurology Clinic
Stone, J., Pal, S., Blackburn, D., Reuber, M., Thekkumpurath, P., & Carson, A. (2015) · Journal of Alzheimer's Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-150430 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Self-citationWalzl, D., Solomon, A. J., & Stone, J. (2022) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-021-10436-6 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
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- Authors
- Stone, J., Reuber, M., & Carson, A.
- Affiliations
- Western General Hospital (GB)
- Royal Hallamshire Hospital (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Stone, Jon
- Venue
- Practical Neurology
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2013-03-06
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 104-113
- ISSN
- 1474-7758 (ISSN-L)
- 1474-7766
- OpenAlex
- W2113185778
- Cited by
- 72
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 4.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Practical Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Cardiovascular Syncope and Autonomic Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Long-Term Effects of COVID-19
- Keywords
- functional neurological symptoms, conversion disorder, diagnostic bias, psychiatric comorbidity, life events, differential diagnosis, misdiagnosis
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Diagnosis, Differential, Female, Humans, Nervous System Diseases, Neurology
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