The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Numerical Methods for Large Eigenvalue Problems: Revised Edition
Abstract
Preface to the Classics Edition Preface 1. Background in matrix theory and linear algebra 2. Sparse matrices 3. Perturbation theory and error analysis 4. The tools of spectral approximation 5. Subspace iteration 6. Krylov subspace methods 7. Filtering and restarting techniques 8. Preconditioning techniques 9. Non-standard eigenvalue problems 10. Origins of matrix eigenvalue problems References Index.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“A variational quantum circuit for CO that is not derived from QAOA or VQE is represented by a quantum version of the shifted power method [211], where the rationale is based on finding the dominant eigenpair of a matrix [36].”
From Quantum Combinatorial Optimization in the NISQ Era: A Systematic Mapping Study (2024) · cites this paper as [211]
Citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Iterative Methods for Sparse Linear Systems
Saad, Y. E.-M. (2003) · Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics eBooks · doi:10.1137/1.9780898718003 · Cited by 13,931
Self-citationA variational eigenvalue solver on a photonic quantum processor
Peruzzo, A., McClean, J., Shadbolt, P., Yung, M.-H., Zhou, X.-Q., Love, P. J., Aspuru-Guzik, A., & O’Brien, J. L. (2014) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms5213 · Cited by 4,552
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
(2004) · IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1109/tpami.2004.1307293 · Cited by 3,708
Ab initio molecular simulations with numeric atom-centered orbitals
Blüm, V., Gehrke, R., Hanke, F., Havu, P., Havu, V., Ren, X., Reuter, K., & Scheffler, M. (2009) · Computer Physics Communications · doi:10.1016/j.cpc.2009.06.022 · Cited by 2,924
Fast linear iterations for distributed averaging
Xiao, L., & Boyd, S. (2004) · Systems & Control Letters · doi:10.1016/j.sysconle.2004.02.022 · Cited by 2,734
Modal Analysis of Fluid Flows: An Overview
Taira, K., Brunton, S. L., Dawson, S. T. M., Rowley, C. W., Colonius, T., McKeon, B., Schmidt, O. T., Gordeyev, S. V., Theofilis, V., & Ukeiley, L. (2017) · AIAA Journal · doi:10.2514/1.j056060 · Cited by 1,912
The Quadratic Eigenvalue Problem
Tisseur, F., & Meerbergen, K. (2001) · SIAM Review · doi:10.1137/s0036144500381988 · Cited by 1,418
octopus:a tool for the application of time‐dependent density functional theory
Castro, A., Appel, H., Oliveira, M. J. T., Rozzi, C. A., Andrade, X., Lorenzen, F., Marques, M. A. L., Gross, E. K. U., & Rubio, Á. (2006) · physica status solidi (b) · doi:10.1002/pssb.200642067 · Cited by 897
A Jacobi–Davidson Iteration Method for Linear Eigenvalue Problems
Sleijpen, G. L. G., & van der Vorst, H. A. (1996) · SIAM Journal on Matrix Analysis and Applications · doi:10.1137/s0895479894270427 · Cited by 857
Knyazev, A. (2001) · SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing · doi:10.1137/s1064827500366124 · Cited by 805
Expokit: a software package for computing matrix exponentials
Sidje, R. B. (1998) · ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software · doi:10.1145/285861.285868 · Cited by 781
Fastest Mixing Markov Chain on a Graph
Boyd, S., Diaconis, P. W., & Xiao, L. (2004) · SIAM Review · doi:10.1137/s0036144503423264 · Cited by 753
Deflation Techniques for an Implicitly Restarted Arnoldi Iteration
Lehoucq, R. B., & Sorensen, D. C. (1996) · SIAM Journal on Matrix Analysis and Applications · doi:10.1137/s0895479895281484 · Cited by 622
Aggarwal, C. C. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-14142-8_13 · Cited by 625
Tretiak, S., & Mukamel, S. (2002) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/cr0101252 · Cited by 587
Pseudospectra of Linear Operators
Trefethen, L. N. (1997) · SIAM Review · doi:10.1137/s0036144595295284 · Cited by 552
The Configuration Interaction Method: Advances in Highly Correlated Approaches
David Sherrill, C., & Schaefer, H. F. (1999) · Advances in Quantum Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0065-3276(08)60532-8 · Cited by 447
Wang, H., Sun, X., & Miller, W. H. (1998) · The Journal of Chemical Physics · doi:10.1063/1.476447 · Cited by 428
Gray, S. K., & Balint‐Kurti, G. G. (1998) · The Journal of Chemical Physics · doi:10.1063/1.475495 · Cited by 425
NMR survey of reflected Brownian motion
Grebenkov, D. S. (2007) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.79.1077 · Cited by 425
A Direct Approach to Conformational Dynamics Based on Hybrid Monte Carlo
Schütte, C., Fischer, A., Huisinga, W., & Deuflhard, P. (1999) · Journal of Computational Physics · doi:10.1006/jcph.1999.6231 · Cited by 393
Eigenvalue computation in the 20th century
Golub, G. H., & van der Vorst, H. A. (2000) · Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics · doi:10.1016/s0377-0427(00)00413-1 · Cited by 388
Efficient Sampling Set Selection for Bandlimited Graph Signals Using Graph Spectral Proxies
Anis, A., Gadde, A., & Ortega, A. (2016) · IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing · doi:10.1109/tsp.2016.2546233 · Cited by 345
Jacobi--Davidson Style QR and QZ Algorithms for the Reduction of Matrix Pencils
Fokkema, D. R., Sleijpen, G. L. G., & van der Vorst, H. A. (1998) · SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing · doi:10.1137/s1064827596300073 · Cited by 324
Kokiopoulou, E., & Saad, Y. E.-M. (2007) · IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1109/tpami.2007.1131 · Cited by 320
Self-citationVector Spaces of Linearizations for Matrix Polynomials
Mackey, D. S., Mackey, N., Mehl, C., et al. (2006) · SIAM Journal on Matrix Analysis and Applications · doi:10.1137/050628350 · Cited by 316
Thick-Restart Lanczos Method for Large Symmetric Eigenvalue Problems
Wu, K. J., & Simon, H. D. (2000) · SIAM Journal on Matrix Analysis and Applications · doi:10.1137/s0895479898334605 · Cited by 313
Numerical Methods for Electronic Structure Calculations of Materials
Saad, Y. E.-M., Chelikowsky, J. R., & Shontz, S. M. (2010) · SIAM Review · doi:10.1137/060651653 · Cited by 311
Self-citationA Jacobi--Davidson Iteration Method for Linear Eigenvalue Problems
Sleijpen, G. L. G., & van der Vorst, H. A. (2000) · SIAM Review · doi:10.1137/s0036144599363084 · Cited by 308
Sun, L., Ji, S., & Ye, J. (2010) · IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1109/tpami.2010.160 · Cited by 299
GMRES with Deflated Restarting
Morgan, R. B. (2002) · SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing · doi:10.1137/s1064827599364659 · Cited by 291
A New Truncation Strategy for the Higher-Order Singular Value Decomposition
Vannieuwenhoven, N., Vandebril, R., & Meerbergen, K. (2012) · SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing · doi:10.1137/110836067 · Cited by 290
Network deconvolution as a general method to distinguish direct dependencies in networks
Feizi, S., Marbach, D., Médard, M., & Kellis, M. (2013) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.2635 · Cited by 287
Geometrical structure of Laplacian eigenfunctions
Grebenkov, D. S. (2013) · Cited by 278
Active Subspace Methods in Theory and Practice: Applications to Kriging SurfacesPreprint
Constantine, P. G., Dow, E. A., & Wang, Q. (2014) · Cited by 267
Jacobi-davidson type methods for generalized eigenproblems and polynomial eigenproblems
Sleijpen, G. L. G., Booten, A., Fokkema, D. R., et al. (1996) · BIT Numerical Mathematics · doi:10.1007/bf01731936 · Cited by 269
A new generation 99 line Matlab code for compliance topology optimization and its extension to 3D
Ferrari, F., & Sigmund, O. (2020) · Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization · doi:10.1007/s00158-020-02629-w · Cited by 287
“Preconditioned iterative solvers, applied for example in (Amir and Sigmund, 2011; Amir et al, 2014) and (Ferrari et al, 2018; Ferrari and Sigmund, 2020) allow the solution of the state equation with nearly optimal efficiency (Saad, 1992).”
BackgroundSOAR: A Second-order Arnoldi Method for the Solution of the Quadratic Eigenvalue Problem
Bai, Z., & Su, Y. (2005) · SIAM Journal on Matrix Analysis and Applications · doi:10.1137/s0895479803438523 · Cited by 264
Direct optimal growth analysis for timesteppers
Barkley, D., Blackburn, H. M., & Sherwin, S. J. (2008) · International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids · doi:10.1002/fld.1824 · Cited by 235
Effective Boundary Conditions for Laminar Flows over Periodic Rough Boundaries
Achdou, Y., Pironneau, O., & Valentin, F. (1998) · Journal of Computational Physics · doi:10.1006/jcph.1998.6088 · Cited by 235
Theory of Inexact Krylov Subspace Methods and Applications to Scientific Computing
Simoncini, V., & Szyld, D. B. (2003) · SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing · doi:10.1137/s1064827502406415 · Cited by 231
The nonlinear eigenvalue problem
Güttel, S., & Françoise Tisseur, B. (2017) · Acta Numerica · doi:10.1017/s0962492917000034 · Cited by 226
Weak coupling for isogeometric analysis of non-matching and trimmed multi-patch geometries
Ruess, M., Schillinger, D., Özcan, A. I., et al. (2013) · Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.cma.2013.10.009 · Cited by 226
Implicitly Restarted Arnoldi/Lanczos Methods for Large Scale Eigenvalue Calculations
Sorensen, D. C. (1997) · ICASE/LaRC interdisciplinary series in science and engineering · doi:10.1007/978-94-011-5412-3_5 · Cited by 224
Three-dimensional instabilities and transition of steady and pulsatile axisymmetric stenotic flows
Sherwin, S. J., & Blackburn, H. M. (2005) · Journal of Fluid Mechanics · doi:10.1017/s0022112005004271 · Cited by 221
Fast linear iterations for distributed averaging
Xiao, L., & Boyd, S. (2004) · IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC) · doi:10.1109/cdc.2003.1272421 · Cited by 221
Optimal parameters in the HSS‐like methods for saddle‐point problems
Bai, Z. (2008) · Numerical Linear Algebra with Applications · doi:10.1002/nla.626 · Cited by 220
Trefethen, L. N. (1999) · Acta Numerica · doi:10.1017/s0962492900002932 · Cited by 217
Towards a sampling theorem for signals on arbitrary graphs
Anis, A., Gadde, A., & Ortega, A. (2014) · IEEE International Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing · doi:10.1109/icassp.2014.6854325 · Cited by 213
Smirnov, O. A., & Anselin, L. (2001) · Computational Statistics & Data Analysis · doi:10.1016/s0167-9473(00)00018-9 · Cited by 213
Subspace Iteration Randomization and Singular Value Problems
Gu, M. (2015) · SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing · doi:10.1137/130938700 · Cited by 203
Periodic Leaky-Wave Antenna for Millimeter Wave Applications Based on Substrate Integrated Waveguide
Xu, F. Y., Wu, K., & Zhang, X. (2009) · IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation · doi:10.1109/tap.2009.2026593 · Cited by 203
Light-Driven and Phonon-Assisted Dynamics in Organic and Semiconductor Nanostructures
KILINA, S. V., Kilin, D. S., & Tretiak, S. (2015) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00012 · Cited by 202
Deflated and Augmented Krylov Subspace Techniques
Chapman, A., & Saad, Y. E.-M. (1997) · Numerical Linear Algebra with Applications · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1506(199701/02)4:1 · Cited by 196
Self-citationSelf-consistent-field calculations using Chebyshev-filtered subspace iteration
Zhou, Y., Saad, Y. E.-M., Tiago, M. L., et al. (2006) · Journal of Computational Physics · doi:10.1016/j.jcp.2006.03.017 · Cited by 193
Self-citationA quasi-Newton acceleration for high-dimensional optimization algorithms
Zhou, H., Alexander, D. H., & Lange, K. L. (2009) · Statistics and Computing · doi:10.1007/s11222-009-9166-3 · Cited by 191
Trace optimization and eigenproblems in dimension reduction methods
Kokiopoulou, E., Chen, J., & Saad, Y. (2010) · Numerical Linear Algebra with Applications · doi:10.1002/nla.743 · Cited by 181
Self-citationModel Reduction in Power Systems Using Krylov Subspace Methods
Chaniotis, D., & Pai, M. A. (2005) · IEEE Transactions on Power Systems · doi:10.1109/tpwrs.2005.846109 · Cited by 189
Nouy, A. (2009) · Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering · doi:10.1007/s11831-009-9034-5 · Cited by 182
Parallel self-consistent-field calculations via Chebyshev-filtered subspace acceleration
Zhou, Y., Saad, Y. E.-M., Tiago, M. L., et al. (2006) · Physical Review E · doi:10.1103/physreve.74.066704 · Cited by 181
Self-citationThree-dimensional parallel distributed inversion of CSEM data using a direct forward solver
Grayver, A. V., Streich, R., & Ritter, O. (2013) · Geophysical Journal International · doi:10.1093/gji/ggt055 · Cited by 177
On restarting the Arnoldi method for large nonsymmetric eigenvalue problems
Morgan, R. B. (1996) · Mathematics of Computation · doi:10.1090/s0025-5718-96-00745-4 · Cited by 174
Parallel Selective Algorithms for Nonconvex Big Data Optimization
Facchinei, F., Scutari, G., & Sagratella, S. (2015) · IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing · doi:10.1109/tsp.2015.2399858 · Cited by 170
Rapid iterative method for electronic-structure eigenproblems using localised basis functions
Rayson, M. J., & Briddon, P. R. (2007) · Computer Physics Communications · doi:10.1016/j.cpc.2007.08.007 · Cited by 165
Meyer, M., & Matthies, H. G. (2003) · Computational Mechanics · doi:10.1007/s00466-002-0404-1 · Cited by 163
Probing Real-Space and Time-Resolved Correlation Functions with Many-Body Ramsey Interferometry
Knap, M., Kantian, A., Giamarchi, T., Bloch, I., Lukin, M. D., & Demler, E. (2013) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.111.147205 · Cited by 162
Boley, D. L. (2013) · SIAM Journal on Optimization · doi:10.1137/120878951 · Cited by 159
Gramian-Based Reduction Method Applied to Large Sparse Power System Descriptor Models
Freitas, F. D., Rommes, J., & Martins, N. (2008) · IEEE Transactions on Power Systems · doi:10.1109/tpwrs.2008.926693 · Cited by 157
Nouy, A. (2008) · Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.cma.2008.06.012 · Cited by 157
Implicitly Restarted GMRES and Arnoldi Methods for Nonsymmetric Systems of Equations
Morgan, R. B. (2000) · SIAM Journal on Matrix Analysis and Applications · doi:10.1137/s0895479897321362 · Cited by 156
Segmentation and Classification of Polarimetric SAR Data Using Spectral Graph Partitioning
Ersahin, K., Cumming, I., & Ward, R. K. (2009) · IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing · doi:10.1109/tgrs.2009.2024303 · Cited by 154
An Iterative Method for Nonsymmetric Systems with Multiple Right-Hand Sides
Simoncini, V., & Gallopoulos, E. (1995) · SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing · doi:10.1137/0916053 · Cited by 154
The Lanczos and conjugate gradient algorithms in finite precision arithmetic
Meurant, G., & Strakoš, Z. (2006) · Acta Numerica · doi:10.1017/s096249290626001x · Cited by 154
Some Perspectives on the Eigenvalue Problem
Watkins, D. S. (1993) · SIAM Review · doi:10.1137/1035090 · Cited by 153
Link Prediction on Evolving Data Using Matrix and Tensor Factorizations
Acar, E., Dunlavy, D., & Kolda, T. G. (2009) · IEEE ... International Conference on Data Mining workshops · doi:10.1109/icdmw.2009.54 · Cited by 160
Mehrmann, V., & Watkins, D. S. (2001) · SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing · doi:10.1137/s1064827500366434 · Cited by 151
Reduced-Order Modeling Techniques Based on Krylov Subspaces and Their Use in Circuit Simulation
Freund, R. W. (1999) · Birkhäuser Boston eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-0571-5_9 · Cited by 151
Approximating Spectral Densities of Large Matrices
Lin, L., Saad, Y., & Yang, C. (2013) · SIAM Review · doi:10.1137/130934283 · Cited by 190
Self-citationResonant nonlinear polarizabilities in the time-dependent density functional theory
Tretiak, S., & Chernyak, V. (2003) · The Journal of Chemical Physics · doi:10.1063/1.1614240 · Cited by 149
An overview of the sparse basic linear algebra subprograms
Duff, I., Heroux, M. A., & Pozo, R. (2002) · ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software · doi:10.1145/567806.567810 · Cited by 148
Computing an Eigenvector with Inverse Iteration
Ipsen, I. C. F. (1997) · SIAM Review · doi:10.1137/s0036144596300773 · Cited by 148
Subspace Estimation and Decomposition for Large Millimeter-Wave MIMO Systems
Ghauch, H., Kim, T., Bengtsson, M., et al. (2016) · IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing · doi:10.1109/jstsp.2016.2538178 · Cited by 146
“We use one of many variants of the so-called Arnoldi Iteration/Procedure, and a simplified version of the latter is shown in Table I (as presented in [20]).”
MethodComputational quantum chemistry: A primer
Cancès, É., Defranceschi, M., Kutzelnigg, W., et al. (2003) · Handbook of numerical analysis · doi:10.1016/s1570-8659(03)10003-8 · Cited by 146
Combined morphological-spectral unsupervised image segmentation
O'Callaghan, R. J., & Bull, D. (2004) · IEEE Transactions on Image Processing · doi:10.1109/tip.2004.838695 · Cited by 145
An Adaptive Newton--Picard Algorithm with Subspace Iteration for Computing Periodic Solutions
Lust, K., & Roose, D. (1998) · SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing · doi:10.1137/s1064827594277673 · Cited by 144
Many-body localization in the age of classical computing *
Sierant, P., Lewenstein, M., Scardicchio, A., Vidmar, L., & Zakrzewski, J. (2024) · Reports on Progress in Physics · doi:10.1088/1361-6633/ad9756 · Cited by 187
Ikegami, T., Sakurai, T., & Nagashima, U. (2009) · Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics · doi:10.1016/j.cam.2009.09.029 · Cited by 141
Eigenvector Continuation with Subspace Learning
Frame, D., He, R., Ipsen, I. C. F., et al. (2018) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.121.032501 · Cited by 141
Analysis of Projection Methods for Solving Linear Systems with Multiple Right-Hand Sides
Chan, T. F.-C., & Wan, W. (1997) · SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing · doi:10.1137/s1064827594273067 · Cited by 140
Convergence properties of block GMRES and matrix polynomials
Simoncini, V., & Gallopoulos, E. (1996) · Linear Algebra and its Applications · doi:10.1016/0024-3795(95)00093-3 · Cited by 140
An analysis of the Rayleigh–Ritz method for approximating eigenspaces
Jia, Z., & Stewart, G. W. (2000) · Mathematics of Computation · doi:10.1090/s0025-5718-00-01208-4 · Cited by 139
An implicitly restarted Lanczos method for large symmetric eigenvalue problems
Calvetti, D., Reichel, L., & Sorensen, D. C. (1994) · Cited by 138
Multi-View Graph Learning by Joint Modeling of Consistency and Inconsistency
Liang, Y., Huang, D., Wang, C., & Yu, P. S. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems · doi:10.1109/tnnls.2022.3192445 · Cited by 143
Jørgensen, J. S., Sidky, E. Y., & Pan, X. (2012) · IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging · doi:10.1109/tmi.2012.2230185 · Cited by 131
Arndt, F., Beyer, R., Reiter, J. M., et al. (1997) · IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques · doi:10.1109/22.575597 · Cited by 131
An Inverse Free Preconditioned Krylov Subspace Method for Symmetric Generalized Eigenvalue Problems
Golub, G. H., & Ye, Q. (2002) · SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing · doi:10.1137/s1064827500382579 · Cited by 130
Structured Backward Error and Condition of Generalized Eigenvalue Problems
Higham, D. J., & Higham, N. J. (1998) · SIAM Journal on Matrix Analysis and Applications · doi:10.1137/s0895479896313188 · Cited by 129
Operator growth and Krylov construction in dissipative open quantum systems
Bhattacharya, A., Nandy, P., Nath, P. P., & Sahu, H. (2022) · Journal of High Energy Physics · doi:10.1007/jhep12(2022)081 · Cited by 164
“In the newly formed basis, the Lindbladian superoperator is written as a p × p upper-Hessenberg matrix Hp such that [67, 68] LoQp = QpHp + hp,p−1 vp ξ p , (4.”
Non-periodic finite-element formulation of Kohn–Sham density functional theory
Suryanarayana, P., Gavini, V., Blesgen, T., et al. (2009) · Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids · doi:10.1016/j.jmps.2009.10.002 · Cited by 126
Least-Squares Covariance Matrix Adjustment
Boyd, S., & Xiao, L. (2005) · SIAM Journal on Matrix Analysis and Applications · doi:10.1137/040609902 · Cited by 126
Metadata
- Authors
- Saad, Y.
- Affiliations
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Corresponding author
- Saad, Yousef
- ORCID
- Saad, Yousef
- Venue
- Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics eBooks
- Published
- 2011-01-01
- OpenAlex
- W1563653928
- Cited by
- 2,364
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 80 · 2025: 92 · 2024: 88 · 2023: 88 · 2022: 92 · 2021: 119 · 2020: 118 · 2019: 124 · 2018: 134 · 2017: 107 · 2016: 100 · 2015: 100 · 2014: 130 · 2013: 82 · 2012: 70
- FWCI
- 28.30
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computational Theory and Mathematics › Matrix Theory and Algorithms
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Mathematical Physics › Spectral Theory in Mathematical Physics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Computational Mechanics › Advanced Numerical Methods in Computational Mathematics
- Keywords
- large eigenvalue problems, matrix eigenvalue problems, sparse matrices, perturbation theory, error analysis, spectral approximation, subspace iteration, Krylov subspace methods, restarting, filtering, preconditioning
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review