Changes in coyote activity patterns due to reduced exposure to human persecution
Open accessAbstract
Activity patterns in animals are influenced by a number of factors, including the animal's physiological adaptations, prey availability and distribution, and disturbances caused by predators and humans. We compared coyote (Canis latrans) activity patterns estimated using radio-tracking locations between 1983 and 1988 with those documented between 1996 and 1997 on the Pinon Canyon Maneuver Site, in southeastern Colorado. We tested the hypothesis that changes in the type of disturbance experienced by coyotes would result in changes in their activity patterns. Disturbance experienced by the coyote population studied during 1983-1988, included >50 years of intense exploitation (shooting and trapping by ranchers) and intensive removal efforts using aerial gunning. In contrast, coyotes tracked during 1996-1997 experienced some periodic disturbance from army maneuvers occurring in the area, but were not exposed to any direct form of persecution (e.g., shooting). From August 1983 to July 1988, 49 coyotes (26 males and 23 females) were tracked for >2400 h using radiotelemetry. From April 1996 to August 1997, 22 coyotes (12 males and 10 females) were tracked for >950 h. The average rate of diurnal movement of the coyotes in the 1996-1997 field study (mean = 0.97 km/h) was significantly higher than that of the coyotes in the 1983-1988 field study (mean = 0.68 km/h). This occurred despite no significant increase in the overall (24 h) rate of movement between the two field studies. Estimates of prey use by the coyotes in both field studies were obtained, to test an alternate hypothesis that prey switching might explain the changes in coyote movement patterns. However, there was no significant difference between the frequency of occurrence of diurnally versus nocturnally active mammalian prey species in the diets of coyotes in any season or overall between the 1983-1988 and 1996-1997 field studies. This study demonstrated that coyote activity patterns can be influenced by the type of disturbance experienced by the animal. A coyote population that had historically been exposed to human persecution shifted to higher levels of diurnal activity when exploitation ceased.
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Across North America, coyotes are often persecuted, trapped, and removed even when no actual conflict is occurring.
“Across North America, coyotes are often persecuted, trapped, and removed even when no actual conflict is occurring (Arthur, 1981;Kellert, 1985;Kitchen et al., 2000;Breck et al., 2019).”
From Of Rarity and Symbolism: Understanding Human Perceptions of Charismatic Color Morphs (2024) · cites this paper as Kitchen et al., 2000
The Methods section (page unavailable) documents decades of trapping and shooting and later aerial removal of coyotes at one Colorado site. It does not establish that these practices are common across North America or that removal occurred when no actual conflict was occurring. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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BackgroundThe impacts of COVID-19 lockdown on wildlife in Deccan Plateau, India
Behera, A., Kumar, P. R., Priya, M. M., Ramesh, T., & Kalle, R. (2022) · Science of the Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153268 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“…humans instils a strong sense of fear in wild animals cal species during pre-lockdown and lockdown period. creating a landscape a fear among wild animals that may compel them to adjust their activity to avoid contact with humans (Frid and Dill, 2002; Kitchen et al., 2000; Ramesh and Downs, 2013).”
Pérez-Irineo, G., & Santos-Moreno, A. (2014) · Revista de Biología Tropical · doi:10.15517/rbt.v62i4.12941 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Activity pattern of Geoffroy's cats (Leopardus geoffroyi) during a period of food shortage.
Pereira, J. (2010) · doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2010.03.017 · Cited by 33
“Facing extreme climates, severe droughts, catastrophic events or human exploitation, the activity rate and rhythm of animals may change (i.e., Kitchen et al., 2000; Price, 1971; Van Dyke et al., 1986).”
BackgroundCoyote survival in a row-crop agricultural landscape
Deelen, T. V. V., & Gosselink, T. E. (2006) · Canadian Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1139/z06-170 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Home Range and Habitat Use of Coyotes in an Area of Native Prairie, Farmland and CRP Fields
Kamler, J., Ballard, W., Lemons, P., Gilliland, R., & Mote, K. (2005) · doi:10.1674/0003-0031(2005)153[0396:hrahuo]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 33
Péron, G., Fleming, C., de Paula, R. D., Mitchell, N., Strohbach, M., Leimgruber, P., & Calabrese, J. (2017) · Ecological Monographs · doi:10.1002/ecm.1260 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Recent Distribution of Coyotes Across an Urban Landscape in Southeastern Michigan
Dodge, W. B., & Kashian, D. (2013) · Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management · doi:10.3996/062013-jfwm-040 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“…being nocturnal in humandominated areas (e.g., Atkinson and Shackleton 1991; McClennen et al. 2001; Atwood et al. 2004); however, other studies have shown that they are often active during the day in more rural or wilderness areas (Major and Sherburne 1987; Gese et al. 1989; Kitchen et al. 2000).”
BackgroundTemporal shift in activity patterns of Himalayan marmots in relation to pastoralism
Poudel, B. S., Spooner, P., & Matthews, A. (2015) · Behavioral Ecology · doi:10.1093/beheco/arv083 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
EXTRACTING TIME FROM PHYLOGENIES: POSITIVE INTERPLAY BETWEEN FOSSIL AND GENETIC DATA
Conroy, C. J., & van Tuinen, M. (2003) · Journal of Mammalogy · doi:10.1644/1545-1542(2003)084 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Foraging behavior of golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) in the wild
Larimer, S., Fritzsche, P., Song, Z., Johnston, J., Neumann, K., Gattermann, R., Mcphee, M., & Johnston, R. (2010) · Journal of ethology · doi:10.1007/s10164-010-0255-8 · Cited by 24
“One sign of abnormally heavy levels of predation is altered patterns of timing of activity (e.g. rats, Rattus norvegicus (Fenn and MacDonald 1995) and coyotes, Canis latrans (Kitchen et al. 2000)).”
BackgroundLong-Distance Movements of Transient Coyotes in Eastern North Carolina
Hinton, J. W., Chamberlain, M. J., & van Manen, F. V. (2012) · doi:10.1674/0003-0031-168.2.281 · Cited by 23
Abiotic variables influencing the nocturnal movements of bobcats and coyotes
Melville, H., Conway, W., Hardin, J. B., Comer, C. E., & Morrison, M. (2020) · Wildlife Biology · doi:10.2981/wlb.00601 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Mogensen, N., Ogutu, J. O., & Dabelsteen, T. (2011) · African Zoology · doi:10.1080/15627020.2011.11407481 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Human exploitation and disturbance can alter the behaviour of carnivores in several ways, including making them more crepuscular and nocturnal (Kitchen et al. 2000) but relatively little is known on this subject (Heyward & Slotow 2009).”
BackgroundCoyotes (Canis latrans) and the matching law.
Gilbert-Norton, L. B., Shahan, T. A., & Shivik, J. (2009) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2009.06.005 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Leuchtenberger, C., de Oliveira, Ê. S., Cariolatto, L., & Kasper, C. B. (2018) · Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia · doi:10.1590/1519-6984.174403 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Possible contemporary evolution in an endangered species, the Santa Cruz Island fox
Swarts, H., Crooks, K., Willits, N., & Woodroffe, R. (2009) · Animal Conservation · doi:10.1111/j.1469-1795.2008.00229.x · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Density dependence of daily activity in three ungulate species
Ramirez, J. I., Zwerts, J., van Kuijk, M., Iacobelli, P., Li, X.-Q., Herdoiza, N., & Jansen, P. (2021) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.7570 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Edwards, S., Noack, J., Heyns, L., & Rodenwoldt, D. (2020) · Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1002/rse2.175 · Cited by 19
“Such shifts in activity patterns may be detrimental as they may leave the animal unable to utilize a spatial or temporal resource to its full potential (Kitchen et al. 2000).”
BackgroundRodríguez-Gómez, G. B., & Fontúrbel, F. (2020) · doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyaa022 · Cited by 18
Webster, S. C., Beasley, J., Hinton, J. W., & Chamberlain, M. J. (2022) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.8725 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Competition and coexistence among terrestrial mammalian carnivores
Li, Z., Duo, L., Li, S., & Wang, T. (2021) · Biodiversity Science · doi:10.17520/biods.2020359 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“…& Sivy, 2020)。在美国大黄石地区, 赤狐作为小型食肉动物很难捕食大型的有蹄类猎 物, 但会选择利用美洲狮(Puma concolor)密度较高 的区域, 主动搜寻和取食美洲狮捕获猎物的残骸, 通过美洲狮的协助增加自己的食物收益(O’Malley et al, 2018)。 人类活动可以对食肉动物的空间活动带来严 重干扰 , 被认为是影响野生动物产生景观恐惧 (landscape of fear)的重要因素(Støen et al, 2015)。人 类干扰导致的栖息地类型转变和资源衰退很大程 度上重塑了全球食肉动物的空间分布格局(Ripple et…”
Tan, W., Hamzah, N. B. A., Saaban, S., Zawakhir, N. A., Rao, Y., Jamalud-Din, N., Cheong, F., Khalid, N. B., Saat, N., Ee, E., et al. (2018) · doi:10.11609/jott.3519.10.2.11245-11253 · Cited by 17
Berger, J., Schaller, G., Cheng, E., Kang, A., Krebs, M., Li, L.-S., & Hebblewhite, M. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep08676 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Human disturbance affects latrine‐use patterns of raccoon dogs
Tsunoda, M., Kaneko, Y., Sako, T., Koizumi, R., Iwasaki, K., Mitsuhashi, I., Saito, M. U., Hisano, M., Newman, C., Macdonald, D., et al. (2019) · Journal of Wildlife Management · doi:10.1002/jwmg.21610 · Cited by 16
Scheibler, E., Wollnik, F., Brodbeck, D., Hummel, E., Yuan, S., Zhang, F.-S., Zhang, X.-D., Fu, H., & Wu, X.-D. (2013) · doi:10.1644/12-mamm-a-115.1 · Cited by 16
“…Hut et al. 2011), rainfall (Muñoz-Delgado et al. 2004), moon phase D ow nloaded from https://academ ic.oup.com /jm am m al/article-abstract/94/2/448/911514 by guest on 09 D ecem ber 2018 (Kappeler and Erkert 2003), or predation (Daly et al. 2000; Fenn and MacDonald 1995; Kitchen et al. 2000).”
BackgroundFactors affecting the home range of Dinaric-Pindos brown bears
Angelis, D. D., Huber, D., Reljić, S., Ciucci, P., & Kusak, J. (2021) · Journal of Mammalogy · doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyab018 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Space-use patterns that buffer human-related disturbance and the higher nocturnality seem to be the main spatiotemporal adjustments adopted by bears in European human-dominated landscapes (Klinka and Reimchen 2002; Kaczensky et al.”
BackgroundZhou, S., Krzton, A., Gao, S., Guo, C., & Xiang, Z.-F. (2020) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.7733 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“For example, the impact of motor vehicle activity on their habitat utilization, population dynamics, and behavioral plasticity is still underexplored (Edwards et al., 2019; Kitchen et al., 1999; Klaassen & Broekhuis, 2018; Whittington et al., 2019).”
BackgroundKämmerle, J., Rondeaux, S., & Storch, I. (2020) · Mammal Research · doi:10.1007/s13364-020-00496-w · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Rafiq, K., Jordan, N. R., Wilson, A. M., McNutt, J., Hayward, M., Meloro, C., Wich, S., & Golabek, K. (2020) · Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1111/jzo.12746 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Liu, S., Qi, J., Gu, J.-Y., Long, Z., Ma, J.-Z., & Jiang, G. (2021) · Global Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01899 · Cited by 14
Predator protection dampens the landscape of fear
Wooster, E., Ramp, D., Lundgren, E., O'Neill, A. J., Yanco, E., Bonsen, G. T., & Wallach, A. D. (2022) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/oik.09059 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
The influence of coyotes on an urban Canada goose population in the Chicago metropolitan area
Brown, J. L. (2007) · doi:10.2172/971002 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
- Authors
- Kitchen, A. M., Gese, E. M., & Schauster, E. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Nebraska–Lincoln (US)
- ORCID
- Gese, Eric M
- Venue
- Canadian Journal of Zoology
- Publisher
- Canadian Science Publishing
- Published
- 2000-05-01
- Volume
- 78
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 853-857
- ISSN
- 0008-4301 (ISSN-L)
- 1480-3283
- OpenAlex
- W2089021270
- Cited by
- 212
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 5.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Locations
- Canadian Journal of Zoology (publishedVersion)
- Lincoln (University of Nebraska) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Agriculture
- Utah State University
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
- Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
- National Wildlife Research Center
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Animal Ecology and Behavior Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Rangeland and Wildlife Management
- Keywords
- coyote, activity patterns, diurnal activity, human persecution, hunting and trapping, disturbance, movement frequency, prey use, prey switching, radio telemetry
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