The DOI matches its Crossref record; 11 of the 13 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
SPACETIME IN SEMICLASSICAL GRAVITY
Open accessAbstract
This article will summarize selected aspects of the semiclassical theory of gravity, which involves a classical gravitational field coupled to quantum matter fields. Among the issues which will be discussed are the role of quantum effects in black hole physics and in cosmology, the effects of quantum violations of the classical energy conditions, and inequalities which constrain the extent of such violations. We will also examine the first steps beyond semiclassical gravity, when the effects of spacetime geometry fluctuations start to appear.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
There are signs that the weak and null energy conditions may be violated at the quantum-microscopic scale, although they seem to be satisfied at macroscopic scales.
“Itis worth mentioning that there are signs that WEC and NECmaybeviolated at the quantum-microscopic scale [4049], although they seem to be satisfied at the macroscopic scales.”
From Alcubierre warp drive in spherical coordinates with some matter configurations (2023) · cites this paper as [46]
Section 7 (p. 6) reports negative local energy densities in quantum fields, supporting possible quantum violations of the weak energy condition. Section 9 (pp. 9–10) says quantum inequalities restrict the magnitude and duration of negative energy, but the passages do not specifically establish violation of the null energy condition or that both conditions are satisfied at macroscopic scales. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Classical Electrodynamics (2nd edn)
Brereton, M. (1976) · Physics Bulletin · doi:10.1088/0031-9112/27/8/041 · Cited by 2,612
Lorentzian Wormholes: From Einstein to Hawking
(1996) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.33-5168 · Cited by 1,319 · cited 1×
“The existence of traversable wormholes would be strange enough, but they have an even more disturbing feature: they can be manipulated to create a time machine[50].”
BackgroundAspects of Quantum Field Theory in Curved Space-Time
Fulling, S. A. (1989) · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139172073 · Cited by 1,121 · cited 1×
“ure for extracting a meaningful, finite part from the formally divergent expectation value of the stress tensor. More detailed accounts can be found in the books by Birrell and Davies[1] and by Fulling[2] . The first step is to introduce a formal regularization scheme, which renders the expectation value finite, but depe…”
BackgroundThe Large Scale Structure of Space-Time
Hawking, S. W., & Ellis, G. (2023) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009253161 · Cited by 1,034
Lukash, V. (1999) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/9910009 · Cited by 623 · cited 1×
“Numerous authors [26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34] have discussed models for the decay of the cosmological constant, or models which otherwise attribute a quantum origin to the dark energy[35, 36].”
BackgroundFulling, S. (1989) · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139172073.012 · Cited by 158 · cited 1×
“More detailed accounts can be found in the books by Birrell and Davies[1] and by Fulling[2] .”
BackgroundMeasurements of Omega and Lambda from 42 High-Redshift Supernovae
Perlmutter, S., Aldering, G., Goldhaber, G., Knop, R. A., Nugent, P., Castro, P. G., Deustua, S., Fabbro, S., Goobar, A., Groom, D. E., et al. (1998) · Dipòsit Digital de la Universitat de Barcelona (Universitat de Barcelona) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/9812133 · Cited by 93
Two Topics concerning Black Holes: Extremality of the Energy, Fractality of the Horizon
Sorkin, R. (1995) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.gr-qc/9508002 · Cited by 21
What does Quantum Field Theory in Curved Spacetime Have to Say about the Dark Energy?Preprint
Ford, L. H. (2002) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.gr-qc/0210096 · Cited by 4
Self-citationA Revised Proof of the Existence of Negative Energy Density in Quantum Field TheoryPreprint
Kuo, C.-I. (1996) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.gr-qc/9611064 · Cited by 2
Superinflation, quintessence, and the avoidance of the initial singularityPreprint
Saa, A., Gunzig, E., Brenig, L., et al. (2000) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.gr-qc/0012105 · Cited by 1
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 13 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 45
- [1][1] N.D. Birrell and P.C.W. Davies, Quantum Fields in Curved Space , (Cambridge University Press, 1982). -
- [4][4] The initial value problem in general relativity is actually more complicated than suggested by this sentence. This arises from the need to satisfy constraints and to have a spacetime which is globally hyperbolic. For a more detailed discussion, see, for example, R.M. Wald, General Relativity , (University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1984), Chap. 10. -
- [5][5] See, for example, J.D. Jackson, Classical Electrodynamics , 2nd ed. (Wiley, New York, 1975), Chap. 17. -
- [8][8] P.R. Anderson, C. Molina-Paris, and E. Mottola, Phys. Rev. D 67 , 024026 (2003), gr-qc/0209075. - · arXiv
- [15][15] W. G. Unruh, Phys. Rev. D 51 , 2827 (1995), gr-qc/9409008. - · arXiv
- [16][16] S. Corley and T. Jacobson, Phys. Rev. D 54 , 1568 (1996), hep-th/9601073. - · arXiv
- [23][23] For a recent review, see M. Giovannini, astro-ph/0412601. - · arXiv
- [24][24] B.P. Schmidt et al , Astrophys.J. 507 , 46 (1998), astro-ph/9805200. - · arXiv
- [30][30] A.D. Dolgov, M.B. Einhorn, and V.I. Zakharov, Phys. Rev. D 52 , 717 (1995), gr-qc/9403056. - · arXiv
- [31][31] N.C. Tsamis and R.P. Woodard, Nucl. Phys. B 474 , 235 (1996), hep-ph/9602315; Ann. Phys. 253 , 1 (1997), hep-ph/9602316; Phys. Rev. D 54 , 2621 (1996), hep-ph/9602317. - · arXiv
- [32][32] L.R. Abramo and R.P. Woodard, Phys. Rev. D 65 , 063516 (2001), astro-ph/0109273. - · arXiv
- [33][33] R. Sch¨ utzhold, gr-qc/0204018. - · arXiv
- [35][35] V. Sahni and S. Habib, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81 , 1766 (1998), hep-ph/9808204. - · arXiv
- [36][36] L. Parker and A. Raval, Phys. Rev. D 60 , 123502 (1999), gr-qc/9908013. - · arXiv
- [37][37] H.B.G. Casimir, Proc. K. Ned. Akad. Wet. B51 , 793 (1948). -
- [38][38] V. Sopova and L.H. Ford, Phys. Rev. D, 66 , 045026 (2002), quant-ph/0204125. - · arXiv
- [40][40] C.-I Kuo, Nuovo Cimento 112B , 629 (1997), gr-qc/9611064. - · arXiv
- [42][42] R. Penrose, in General Relativity: An Einstein Centenary Survey , S.W. Hawking and W. Israel, eds. (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1979). -
- [45][45] P. Hajicek and C. Kiefer, Int. J. Mod. Phys. D 10 , 775 (2001), gr-qc/0107102. - · arXiv
- [48][48] L.H. Ford, Proc. R. Soc. London A364 , 227 (1978). -
- [53][53] L.H. Ford and T.A. Roman, Phys. Rev. D 51 , 4277 (1995), gr-qc/9410043. - · arXiv
- [54][54] L.H. Ford and T.A. Roman, Phys. Rev. D 55 , 2082 (1997), gr-qc/9607003. - · arXiv
- [55][55] E.E. Flanagan, Phys. Rev. D, 56 , 4922 (1997), gr-qc/9706006. - · arXiv
- [56][56] M.J. Pfenning and L.H. Ford, Phys. Rev. D 55 , 4813 (1997), gr-qc/9608005. - · arXiv
- [57][57] M.J. Pfenning and L.H. Ford, Phys. Rev. D 57 , 3489 (1998), gr-qc/9710055. - · arXiv
- [58][58] C.J. Fewster and S.P. Eveson, Phys. Rev. D 58 , 084010 (1998), gr-qc/9805024. - · arXiv
- [59][59] C.J. Fewster, Class. Quantum Grav. 17 , 1897 (2000), gr-qc/9910060. - · arXiv
- [60][60] L.H. Ford and T.A. Roman, Phys. Rev. D 53 , 5496 (1996), gr-qc/9510071. - · arXiv
- [61][61] M.J. Pfenning and L.H. Ford, Class. Quantum Grav., 14 , 1743 (1997), gr-qc/9702026. - · arXiv
- [62][62] A.E Everett and T.A. Roman, Phys. Rev. D 56 , 2100 (1997), gr-qc/9702049. - · arXiv
- [63][63] J.M. Moffat, Phys. Rev. D 56 , 6264 (1997), gr-qc/9610067. - · arXiv
- [64][64] R. Martin and E. Verdaguer, Phys. Rev. D 60 , 084008 (1999), gr-qc/9904021. - · arXiv
- [65][65] B.L. Hu and E. Verdaguer, Class. Quant. Grav. 20 , R1 (2003), gr-qc/0211090. - · arXiv
- [66][66] B.L. Hu and E. Verdaguer, Living Rev. Rel. 7 , 3 (2004), gr-qc/0307032. - · arXiv
- [67][67] C.I. Kuo and L.H. Ford, Phys. Rev. D 47 , 4510 (1993), gr-qc/9304008. - · arXiv
- [68][68] B.L. Hu and N.G. Phillips, Int. J. Theor. Phys. 39 , 1817 (2000), gr-qc/0004006. - · arXiv
- [69][69] L.H. Ford, Phys. Rev. D 51 , 1692 (1995), gr-qc/9410047. - · arXiv
- [70][70] L.H. Ford and N.F. Svaiter, Phys. Rev. D 54 , 2640 (1996), gr-qc/9604052. - · arXiv
- [71][71] L.H. Ford and N.F. Svaiter, Phys. Rev. D 56 , 2226 (1997), gr-qc/9704050. - · arXiv
- [73][73] A. Casher, F. Englert, N. Itzhaki, and R. Parentani, Nucl.Phys. B 484 , 419 (1997), hep-th/9606106. - · arXiv
- [74][74] C. Barrabes, V. Frolov, and R. Parentani, Phys. Rev. D 62 , 04020 (2000), gr-qc/0001102. - · arXiv
- [78][78] C.-H. Wu, C.-I Kuo and L.H. Ford, Phys. Rev. A 65 , 062102 (2002), quant-ph/0112056. - · arXiv
- [79][79] C.-H. Wu and L. H. Ford, Phys. Rev. D 64 , 045010 (2001), quant-ph/0012144. - · arXiv
- [80][80] L.H. Ford and R.P. Woodard, Class. Quant. Grav. 22 , 1637 (2005), gr-qc/0411003. - · arXiv
- [81][81] J. Borgman and L. H. Ford, Phys. Rev. D 70 , 064032 (2004), gr-qc/0307043. · arXiv
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Generic warp drives violate the null energy condition
Santiago, J., Schuster, S., & Visser, M. (2022) · Physical Review D · doi:10.1103/physrevd.105.064038 · Cited by 42
Schander, S., & Thiemann, T. (2021) · Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences · doi:10.3389/fspas.2021.692198 · Cited by 39
“The implementation of such ideas can be realized via different paths, and we consider here the approaches of semiclassical gravity (Ford 2005; Wald 1977, 1978) and stochastic (semiclassical) gravity (Calzetta and Hu 1987; Hu and Verdaguer 2008; Jordan 1986, 1987).”
BackgroundExistence and Uniqueness of Solutions of the Semiclassical Einstein Equation in Cosmological Models
Meda, P., Pinamonti, N., & Siemssen, D. (2021) · Annales Henri Poincaré · doi:10.1007/s00023-021-01067-8 · Cited by 23
“uced by the quantum fluctuations of a scalar field (the inflaton, the Higgs field for instance) [23,27,42,57]. For a summary of the discussions about the applications of semiclassical gravity we refer to [20], furthermore, for some recent analyses of the ΛCDM-model in semiclassical gravitysee [25] and [40]. As discussed a…”
MethodSemiclassical Gravity in Static Spacetimes as a Constrained Initial Value Problem
Juárez-Aubry, B. A. (2021) · Annales Henri Poincaré · doi:10.1007/s00023-021-01133-1 · Cited by 16
Instability of de Sitter spacetime induced by quantum conformal anomaly
Matsui, H. (2019) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2019/01/003 · Cited by 17
On the initial value problem for semiclassical gravity without and with quantum state collapses
Juárez-Aubry, B. A., Kay, B. S., Miramontes, T., & Sudarsky, D. (2023) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2023/01/040 · Cited by 14
“A 2005 review covering many aspects of semiclassical gravity can be found in [26].”
BackgroundQuantum Field Theory in Curved Spacetime
Kay, B. S. (2024) · Encyclopedia of Mathematical Physics · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-95703-8.00085-9 · Cited by 11
Alcubierre warp drive in spherical coordinates with some matter configurations
Abellán, G., Bolivar, N., & Vasilev, I. (2023) · The European Physical Journal C · doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-022-11091-5 · Cited by 8
Enlightening the CSL model landscape in inflation
León, G., & Bengochea, G. R. (2021) · The European Physical Journal C · doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-021-09851-w · Cited by 8
“[100] L. H. Ford (2005), gr-qc/0504096.”
Emergent universe revisited through the CSL theory
Bengochea, G. R., Piccirilli, M. P., & León, G. (2021) · The European Physical Journal C · doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-021-09842-x · Cited by 6
Beckwith, A. W. (2018) · Journal of High Energy Physics Gravitation and Cosmology · doi:10.4236/jhepgc.2018.42021 · Cited by 1
“This comes from an argument from Ford [12] i.”
BackgroundTractor Beams, Pressor Beams and Stressor Beams in General Relativity
Santiago, J., Schuster, S., & Visser, M. (2021) · Universe · doi:10.3390/universe7080271 · Cited by 6
Spacetime instability and quantum gravity as low energy effective field theory
Matsui, H. (2022) · General Relativity and Gravitation · doi:10.1007/s10714-022-03011-5 · Cited by 1
A UV complete picture of black hole conforming to low energy effective field theory
Paik, B. (2018) · International Journal of Modern Physics A · doi:10.1142/s0217751x18502196
Champs quantiques massifs en espace-temps courbe et tenseur d’impulsion-énergie renormalisé
Belokogne, A. (2016) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/b974c339z04faz4cf3zaf5dzfec04d215cbd
Metadata
- Authors
- FORD, L. H.
- Affiliations
- Tufts University (US)
- Corresponding author
- FORD, L. H.
- Venue
- 100 Years of Relativity
- Publisher
- WORLD SCIENTIFIC
- Published
- 2005-11
- Pages
- 293-310
- OpenAlex
- W1572709959
- Cited by
- 15
- References
- 13
- Citations by year
- 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 6 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 2 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Locations
- WORLD SCIENTIFIC eBooks (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Noncommutative and Quantum Gravity Theories
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Black Holes and Theoretical Physics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Relativity and Gravitational Theory
- Keywords
- semiclassical gravity, black hole physics, quantum cosmology, energy conditions
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review