The DOI matches its Crossref record.
National and International Returns to Scale in the Modern Theory of International Trade
Abstract
For over a quarter century, the Heck-scher-Ohlin-Samuelson (H-O-S) trade model has thoroughly dominated work in the pure theory of international trade. Indeed this model is often identified as “the” modern theory of trade. But this dominance has always been rendered uneasy by a widespread suspicion that the salient facts of modern commerce are inconsistent with the theoretical structure. Two broad areas of suspicion may be identified…
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cited by
Increasing returns and long-run growth
Romer, P. M. (1986) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/261420 · Cited by 20,149
Gravity Equations: Workhorse,Toolkit, and Cookbook
Head, K., & Mayer, T. (2014) · Handbook of International Economics · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-54314-1.00003-3 · Cited by 1,565
Estimates of the Trade and Welfare Effects of NAFTA
Caliendo, L., & Parro, F. (2015) · The Review of Economic Studies · doi:10.1093/restud/rdu035 · Cited by 1,518
THE MAGNITUDE AND CAUSES OF AGGLOMERATION ECONOMIES
Puga, D. (2010) · Journal of Regional Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9787.2009.00657.x · Cited by 939
Trade, Foreign Direct Investment, and International Technology Transfer: A Survey
Saggi, K. (2002) · The World Bank Research Observer · doi:10.1093/wbro/17.2.191 · Cited by 732
Metadata
- Authors
- ETHIER, W. J.
- Venue
- World Scientific Studies in International Economics
- Publisher
- WORLD SCIENTIFIC
- Published
- 2014-05-29
- Pages
- 77-93
- ISSN
- 1793-3641 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1499282593
- Cited by
- 1,686
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 349.85
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: National and International Returns to Scale in the Modern Theory of International Trade. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1142/9789814590327_0005
- The paper
- ETHIER, W. J. (2014). National and International Returns to Scale in the Modern Theory of International Trade. World Scientific Studies in International Economics. https://doi.org/10.1142/9789814590327_0005
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.