THE SINGULARITY IN GENERIC GRAVITATIONAL COLLAPSE IS SPACELIKE, LOCAL AND OSCILLATORY
Open accessAbstract
A longstanding conjecture by Belinskii, Khalatnikov and Lifshitz that the singularity in generic gravitational collapse is spacelike, local and oscillatory is explored analytically and numerically in spatially inhomogeneous cosmological space–times. With a convenient choice of variables, it can be seen analytically how nonlinear terms in Einstein's equations control the approach to the singularity and cause oscillatory behavior. The analytic picture requires the drastic assumption that each spatial point evolves toward the singularity as an independent spatially homogeneous universe. In every case, detailed numerical simulations of the full Einstein evolution equations support this assumption.
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When a trapped null surface forms in a black hole, the region within this surface is causally connected and mathematically equivalent to a new, closed universe.
“When a trapped null surface forms in a black hole (Hochberg & Visser 1998), the region within this surface is causally connected and mathematically equivalent to a new, closed universe (Berger et al. 1998;Garfinkle 2004;Popławski 2010cPopławski , 2011a).”
From UNIVERSE IN A BLACK HOLE IN EINSTEIN–CARTAN GRAVITY (2016) · cites this paper as Berger et al. 1998
The discussion on p. 4 says that spatial points causally decouple as the singularity is approached, contrary to the claimed causal connection. The paper studies the local approach to a singularity; it does not establish that the region inside a trapped surface is mathematically equivalent to a new, closed universe. (LLM, conf=0.78)
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredNumerical analysis of generic gravitational collapse in general relativity shows that spatial derivatives of the metric and curvature tensors become negligible in the dynamics, and each spatial point in the interior of a black hole locally evolves toward the singularity as an independent, spatially homogeneous universe.
“Numerical analysis of generic gravitational collapse in general relativity shows that spatial derivatives of the metric and curvature tensors become negligible in the dynamics, and each spatial point in the interior of a black hole locally evolves toward the singularity as an independent, spatially homogeneous universe (Berger et al. 1998;Garfinkle 2004).”
From UNIVERSE IN A BLACK HOLE IN EINSTEIN–CARTAN GRAVITY (2016) · cites this paper as Berger et al. 1998
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Research works printed but not linked: 3
- [10]Hawking, S. W., and Penrose, R., Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. A , 314 , 529-548, (1970).
- [13]Kasner, E., Trans. Am. Math. Soc. , 27 , 155-162, (1925).
- [19]Wald, R. M., General Relativity , (University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1984).
Cited by
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The 1965 Penrose singularity theorem
Senovilla, J. M. M., & Garfinkle, D. (2015) · Classical and Quantum Gravity · doi:10.1088/0264-9381/32/12/124008 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Self-citationUNIVERSE IN A BLACK HOLE IN EINSTEIN–CARTAN GRAVITY
Popławski, N. (2016) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/0004-637x/832/2/96 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
The loop quantum cosmology bounce as a Kasner transition
Wilson-Ewing, E. (2018) · Classical and Quantum Gravity · doi:10.1088/1361-6382/aaab8b · Cited by 48 · see citing works
- Authors
- BERGER, B. K., GARFINKLE, D., ISENBERG, J., MONCRIEF, V., & WEAVER, M.
- Affiliations
- Oakland University (US)
- University of Oregon (US)
- Yale University (US)
- ORCID
- BERGER, B. K.
- Venue
- Modern Physics Letters A
- Publisher
- World Scientific Pub Co Pte Lt
- Published
- 1998-06-21
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 19
- Pages
- 1565-1573
- ISSN
- 0217-7323 (ISSN-L)
- 1793-6632
- OpenAlex
- W2080327797
- Cited by
- 85
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 2 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 5.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Locations
- Modern Physics Letters A (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Cosmology and Gravitation Theories
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Relativity and Gravitational Theory
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Black Holes and Theoretical Physics
- Keywords
- gravitational collapse, spacelike singularity, oscillatory singularity
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