The DOI matches its Crossref record; 5 of the 5 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
EAGER: programming repetitive tasks by example
Open accessAbstract
Eager is a Programming by Example system for the HyperCard environment.It constantly monitors the user's activities, and when it detects an iterative pattern, it writes a program to complete the iteration.Programming by Example systems create generalized programs from examples provided by the user.They are faced with the problem of how to display these abstract procedures.Eager utilizes a new interface technique, called anticipation, to show how it has generalized: when it detects a repetitive activity, it highlights menus and objects on the screen to indicate what it expects the user to do next.As users continue to perform their activity, they will notice that the objects they are about to select have already been highlighted by the system.When it becomes apparent that Eager knows how to perform the task correctly, they can tell Eager to complete the task for them.The use of anticipation allows Eager to interfere minimally with the users' normal activities.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“User testing of Eager showed promise in its ability to detect and highlight the correct menus and objects, however, 'the most striking finding was that all subjects were uncomfortable with giving up control when Eager took over' (p.37).”
From A field evaluation of an adaptable two-interface design for feature-rich software (2007) · cites this paper as Cypher, 1991
Citations
Cites
Creating user interfaces by demonstration
Myers, B. A. (1988) · CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) · Cited by 243
Halbert, D. C. (1984) · Cited by 181
Pygmalion: A Computer program to Model and Stimulate Creative Thought
Smith, D. C. (1975) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 153
An example based environment for beginning programmers
Lieberman, H. A. (1986) · Instructional Science · doi:10.1007/bf00051824 · Cited by 91
Inducing programs in a direct-manipulation environment
Maulsby, D., & Witten, I. H. (1989) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/67449.67463 · Cited by 85
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Agents that reduce work and information overload
Maes, P. (1994) · Communications of the ACM · doi:10.1145/176789.176792 · Cited by 2,365
Extracting usability information from user interface events
Hilbert, D. M., & Redmiles, D. (2000) · ACM Computing Surveys · doi:10.1145/371578.371593 · Cited by 478
Prototyping an intelligent agent through Wizard of Oz
Maulsby, D., Greenberg, S., & Mander, R. (1993) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/169059.169215 · Cited by 310
Nielsen, J. (1993) · Communications of the ACM · doi:10.1145/255950.153582 · Cited by 308
Direct manipulation for comprehensible, predictable and controllable user interfaces
Shneiderman, B. (1997) · ACM International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces (IUI) · doi:10.1145/238218.238281 · Cited by 278
Maes, P., & Kozierok, R. (1993) · Cited by 245
Agents that Reduce work and information Overload
Maes, P. (1995) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-051574-8.50084-4 · Cited by 221
Gentner, D., & Nielsen, J. (1996) · Communications of the ACM · doi:10.1145/232014.232032 · Cited by 183
User Modeling in Adaptive Interface
Pat Langley, B. (1999) · Courses and lectures · doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-2490-1_48 · Cited by 171
A suggestive interface for 3D drawing
Igarashi, Y., & Hughes, J. F. (2001) · ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST) · doi:10.1145/502348.502379 · Cited by 157
Human–computer interaction, foundations and new paradigms
Dix, A. J. (2016) · Journal of Visual Languages & Computing · doi:10.1016/j.jvlc.2016.04.001 · Cited by 154
A learning interface agent for scheduling meetings
Kozierok, R., & Maes, P. (1993) · ACM International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces (IUI) · doi:10.1145/169891.169908 · Cited by 145
Interactive Design of Botanical Trees using Freehand Sketches and Example‐based Editing
Okabe, M., Owada, S., & Igarash, T. (2005) · Computer Graphics Forum · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8659.2005.00874.x · Cited by 138
Bharat, K. A., & Cardelli, L. (1995) · ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST) · doi:10.1145/215585.215711 · Cited by 122
Hartmann, B., Wu, L., Collins, K., & Klemmer, S. (2007) · ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST) · doi:10.1145/1294211.1294254 · Cited by 118
Predictive interaction using the delphian desktop
Asano, T., Sharlin, E., Kitamura, Y., Takashima, K., & Kishino, F. (2005) · Proceedings of the 18th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology · doi:10.1145/1095034.1095058 · Cited by 116
Dey, A. K., Abowd, G. D., & Wood, A. (1998) · ACM International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces (IUI) · doi:10.1145/268389.268398 · Cited by 110
Machine learning for adaptive user interfaces
Pat Langley, B. (1997) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/3540634932_3 · Cited by 109
Myers, B. A., Ko, A. J., & Burnett, M. (2006) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/1125451.1125472 · Cited by 109
CyberDesk: a framework for providing self-integrating context-aware services
Dey, A. K., Abowd, G. D., & Wood, A. (1998) · Knowledge-Based Systems · doi:10.1016/s0950-7051(98)00053-7 · Cited by 103
User Interaction Models for Disambiguation in Programming by Example
Mayer, M., Soares, G., Grechkin, M., Le, V., Marron, M., Polozov, O., Singh, R., Zorn, B. G., & Gulwani, S. (2015) · ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST) · doi:10.1145/2807442.2807459 · Cited by 96
A suggestive interface for image guided 3D sketching
Tsang, S. N. H., Balakrishnan, R., Singh, K. S., & Ranjan, A. (2004) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/985692.985767 · Cited by 96
Demonstrational interfaces: A step beyond direct manipulation
Myers, B. A. (1992) · Computer · doi:10.1109/2.153286 · Cited by 94
End User Development: Survey of an Emerging Field for Empowering People
Paternò, F. (2013) · ISRN Software Engineering · doi:10.1155/2013/532659 · Cited by 93
Robot Programming by Demonstration with Interactive Action Visualizations
Alexandrova, S., Çakmak, M., Hsiao, K., & Takayama, L. A. (2014) · Robotics: Science and Systems · doi:10.15607/rss.2014.x.048 · Cited by 88
Supporting interface customization using a mixed-initiative approach
Bunt, A., Conati, C., & McGrenere, J. (2007) · ACM International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces (IUI) · doi:10.1145/1216295.1216317 · Cited by 87
Chasins, S., Mueller, M., & Bodík, R. (2018) · ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST) · doi:10.1145/3242587.3242661 · Cited by 92
A history-based macro by example system
Kurlander, D., & Feiner, S. (1992) · ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST) · doi:10.1145/142621.142633 · Cited by 82
Fluid visualization of spreadsheet structures
Igarashi, Y., Mackinlay, J. D., Chang, B.-W., & Zellweger, P. T. (2002) · IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing (VL/HCC) · doi:10.1109/vl.1998.706154 · Cited by 81
Robot programming by Demonstration (RPD): Supporting the induction by human interaction
Friedrich, H., M�nch, S., Dillmann, R., Bocionek, S., & Sassin, M. (1996) · Machine Learning · doi:10.1007/bf00117443 · Cited by 77
Wolber, D. (1997) · ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction · doi:10.1145/267135.267142 · Cited by 74
Allen, R. B. (1997) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-044481862-1.50069-8 · Cited by 72
Software Agents: Completing Patterns and Constructing User Interfaces
Schlimmer, J. C., & Hermens, L. A. (1993) · Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research · doi:10.1613/jair.25 · Cited by 70
A suggestive interface for 3D drawing
Igarashi, Y., & Hughes, J. F. (2006) · ACM SIGGRAPH Conference (SIGGRAPH) · doi:10.1145/1185657.1185771 · Cited by 68
Newman, M., Elliott, A., & Smith, T. F. (2008) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-79576-6_13 · Cited by 67
Automated Usability Evaluation of Virtual Reality Applications
Harms, P. (2019) · ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction · doi:10.1145/3301423 · Cited by 69
Bigham, J. P., Lau, T. A., & Nichols, J. W. (2009) · ACM International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces (IUI) · doi:10.1145/1502650.1502677 · Cited by 60
Autocomplete painting repetitions
Xing, J., Chen, H., & Wei, L. (2014) · ACM Transactions on Graphics · doi:10.1145/2661229.2661247 · Cited by 57
No Code Required: Giving Users Tools to Transform the Web
Cypher, A., Dontcheva, M., Lau, T. A., & Nichols, J. W. (2010) · Cited by 56
Self-citationDesign and evaluation of an adaptive icon toolbar
Debevc, M., Meyer, B., Donlagic, D., & Svecko, R. (1996) · User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction · doi:10.1007/bf00126652 · Cited by 54
A field evaluation of an adaptable two-interface design for feature-rich software
McGrenere, J., Baecker, R. M., & Booth, K. S. (2007) · ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction · doi:10.1145/1229855.1229858 · Cited by 52
Norm-based agency for designing collaborative information systems
Liu, K., Sun, L., Dix, A. J., & Narasipuram, M. (2001) · Information Systems Journal · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2575.2001.00102.x · Cited by 51
Inductive synthesis of recursive logic programs: achievements and prospects
Flener, P., & Yıilmaz, S. (1999) · The Journal of Logic Programming · doi:10.1016/s0743-1066(99)00028-x · Cited by 51
Igarashi, Y., Kawachiya, S., Tanaka, H., & Matsuoka, S. (1998) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/286498.286511 · Cited by 50
The selection recognition agent
Pandit, M. S., & Kalbag, S. (1997) · ACM International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces (IUI) · doi:10.1145/238218.238285 · Cited by 48
Designing for effective end-user interaction with machine learning
Amershi, S. (2011) · ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST) · doi:10.1145/2046396.2046416 · Cited by 49
Creating charts by demonstration
Myers, B. A., Goldstein, J., & Goldberg, M. A. (1994) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/191666.191715 · Cited by 45
A learning agent that assists the browsing of software libraries
Drummond, C., Ionescu, D., & Holte, R. C. (2000) · IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering · doi:10.1109/32.888631 · Cited by 44
Interactive design of botanical trees using freehand sketches and example-based editing
Okabe, M., Owada, S., & Igarashi, T. (2006) · ACM SIGGRAPH Conference (SIGGRAPH) · doi:10.1145/1185657.1185779 · Cited by 44
Capturing knowledge of user preferences with recommender systems
Middleton, S. E. (2003) · UPT. Syiah Kuala University Library (Syiah Kuala University) · Cited by 44
Machine learning techniques to make computers easier to use
Motoda, H., & Yoshida, K. (1998) · Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/s0004-3702(98)00062-9 · Cited by 44
Corno, F., Russis, L. D., & Roffarello, A. M. (2019) · ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology · doi:10.1145/3344211 · Cited by 42
Accessibility by demonstration
Bigham, J. P., Brudvik, J. T., & Zhang, B. (2010) · International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS) · doi:10.1145/1878803.1878812 · Cited by 41
User interface specification using an enhanced spreadsheet model
Hudson, S. E. (1994) · ACM Transactions on Graphics · doi:10.1145/195784.195787 · Cited by 38
Interactive Information Retrieval Using Clustering and Spatial Proximity
Leuski, A., & Allan, J. (2004) · User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction · doi:10.1023/b:user.0000028978.09823.47 · Cited by 38
Tasks = Data + Action + Context: Automated Task Assistance through Data-Oriented Analysis
Dix, A. J. (2008) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-85992-5_1 · Cited by 37
Using assertions to help end-user programmers create dependable web macros
Koesnandar, A., Elbaum, S. G., Rothermel, G., Hochstein, L., Scaffidi, C. P., & Stolee, K. T. (2008) · ACM Joint European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering (ESEC/FSE) · doi:10.1145/1453101.1453119 · Cited by 35
Repeat and predict—two keys to efficient text editing
Masui, T., & Nakayama, K. (1994) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/191666.191722 · Cited by 35
Interactive design of botanical trees using freehand sketches and example-based editing
Okabe, M., Owada, S., & Igarashi, Y. (2007) · ACM SIGGRAPH Courses · doi:10.1145/1281500.1281537 · Cited by 34
The use of agents in human learning systems
Sklar, E. I., & Richards, D. (2006) · Adaptive Agents and Multi-Agents Systems · doi:10.1145/1160633.1160768 · Cited by 35
Supporting adaptive interfaces in a knowledge-based user interface environment
Sukaviriya, P. “., & Foley, J. D. (1993) · ACM International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces (IUI) · doi:10.1145/169891.169922 · Cited by 34
Feiner, S., & Kurlander, D. (1993) · Cited by 32
Creating Dynamic World Wide Web Pages by Demonstration
Miller, R. C., & Myers, B. A. (2018) · doi:10.1184/r1/6621791 · Cited by 31
Beale, R., Wood, A., Cockton, G., DRAPER, S. W., & Weir, G. R. S. (2010) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511600821.018 · Cited by 31
Dey, A. K., Abowd, G. D., Pinkerton, M., & Wood, A. (1997) · ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST) · doi:10.1145/263407.263511 · Cited by 31
Interface agents: A review of the fieldPreprint
Middleton, S. E. (2002) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.cs/0203012 · Cited by 31
Leogo: An Equal Opportunity User Interface for Programming
COCKBURN, A., & BRYANT, A. (1997) · Journal of Visual Languages & Computing · doi:10.1006/jvlc.1997.0152 · Cited by 30
Social interface agents: Acquiring competence by learning from users and other agents
Maes, P. (1994) · Cited by 29
Zanden, B. V., & Myers, B. A. (1995) · ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction · doi:10.1145/212430.212443 · Cited by 28
A suggestive interface for 3D drawing
Igarashi, Y., & Hughes, J. F. (2007) · ACM SIGGRAPH Courses · doi:10.1145/1281500.1281531 · Cited by 27
Agent-based systems for human learners
Sklar, E. I., & Richards, D. (2010) · The Knowledge Engineering Review · doi:10.1017/s0269888910000044 · Cited by 26
Interpretable Program Synthesis
Zhang, T., Chen, Z., Zhu, Y., Vaithilingam, P., Wang, X., & Glassman, E. L. (2021) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3411764.3445646 · Cited by 26
Model Sketching: Centering Concepts in Early-Stage Machine Learning Model Design
Lam, M. S., Ma, Z., Li, A., Freitas, I., Wang, D., Landay, J. A., & Bernstein, M. S. (2023) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3544548.3581290 · Cited by 31
Declarative programming of graphical interfaces by visual examples
Miyashita, K., Matsuoka, S., Takahashi, S. I., Yonezawa, A., & Kamada, T. (1992) · ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST) · doi:10.1145/142621.142634 · Cited by 25
Will Code Remain a Relevant User Interface for End-User Programming with Generative AI Models?
Sarkar, A. (2023) · ACM SIGPLAN International Symposium on New Ideas, New Paradigms, and Reflections on Programming and Software (Onward!) · doi:10.1145/3622758.3622882 · Cited by 32
Koyama, Y., Sakamoto, D., & Igarashi, T. (2016) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/2858036.2858111 · Cited by 25
User-centered approach to adaptive interfaces
Kühme, T. (1993) · Knowledge-Based Systems · doi:10.1016/0950-7051(93)90015-l · Cited by 23
Merrill, D. J., & Paradiso, J. A. (2005) · Cited by 23
Puppet Master: designing reactive character behavior by demonstration
Young, J. E., Igarashi, T., & Sharlin, E. (2008) · doi:10.5555/1632592.1632619 · Cited by 23
A recommendation system for software function discovery
Ohsugi, N., Monden, A., & Matsumoto, K. (2003) · Asia-Pacific Software Engineering Conference (APSEC) · doi:10.1109/apsec.2002.1182994 · Cited by 22
ECT: a toolkit to support rapid construction of ubicomp environments
Greenhalgh, C., Izadi, S., Mathrick, J., Humble, J., & Taylor, I. (2004) · Cited by 21
Domino: Exploring Mobile Collaborative Software Adaptation
Bell, M., Hall, M., Chalmers, M., Gray, P., & Brown, B. A. T. (2006) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/11748625_10 · Cited by 21
Dominoes and storyboards beyond 'icons on strings'
Lieberman, H. A. (2003) · IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing (VL/HCC) · doi:10.1109/wvl.1992.275782 · Cited by 21
Task-Centred Information Management
Catarci, T., Dix, A. J., Katifori, A., Lepouras, G., & Poggi, A. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-77088-6_19 · Cited by 21
Graphical representation of programs in a demonstrational visual shell—an empirical evaluation
Modugno, F., Corbett, A. T., & Myers, B. A. (1997) · ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction · doi:10.1145/264645.264659 · Cited by 21
Multiagent simulation of learning environments
Sklar, E. I., & Davies, M. (2005) · Adaptive Agents and Multi-Agents Systems · doi:10.1145/1082473.1082617 · Cited by 20
Hall, R. J. (2002) · Knowledge-Based Software Engineering Conference (KBSE) · doi:10.1109/kbse.1996.552822 · Cited by 20
Helping users program their personal agents
Terveen, L., & Murray, L. T. A. (1996) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/238386.238568 · Cited by 20
The Lapidary graphical interface design tool
Zanden, B. V., & Myers, B. A. (1991) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/108844.109005 · Cited by 19
Frank, M. R., Sukaviriya, P. “., & Foley, J. D. (1995) · Designing Interactive Systems Conference · doi:10.1145/225434.225453 · Cited by 18
Toyoda, M., & Shibayama, E. (1999) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/302979.303145 · Cited by 18
Automated user modeling for intelligent interface
Yoshida, K., & Motoda, H. (1996) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447319609526151 · Cited by 18
Research directions for user interface software tools
Olsen, D. R., Foley, J. D., Hudson, S. E., Miller, J. R., & Myers, B. A. (1993) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/01449299308924370 · Cited by 18
A synergistic approach to specifying simple number independent layouts by example
Hudson, S. E., & Hsi, C.-N. (1993) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/169059.169221 · Cited by 17
A pure reasoning engine for programming by demonstration
Frank, M. R., & Foley, J. D. (1994) · ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST) · doi:10.1145/192426.192466 · Cited by 17
Myers, B. A., Cypher, A., Maulsby, D., Smith, D. C., & Shneiderman, B. (1991) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/108844.108966 · Cited by 17
Self-citationIntelligent environments for informal public spaces : the Ki/o Kiosk platform
Kleek, M. G. V., & Max, M. (2003) · Cited by 17
Santolucito, M., Hallahan, W. T., & Piskač, R. (2019) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3290607.3313266 · Cited by 16
Challenges in Developing User-Adaptive Intelligent User Interfaces
Hartmann, M. (2009) · Cited by 16
An overview of human-computer interaction
Beaudouin-Lafon, M. (1993) · Biochimie · doi:10.1016/0300-9084(93)90165-o · Cited by 16
Metadata
- Authors
- Cypher, A.
- Affiliations
- Apple (United States) (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cypher, Allen
- Venue
- Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Reaching through technology - CHI '91
- Publisher
- ACM Press
- Published
- 1991
- Pages
- 33-39
- OpenAlex
- W1970777289
- Cited by
- 277
- References
- 5
- Citations by year
- 2025: 51 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 8.10
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Usability and User Interface Design
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Software › Spreadsheets and End-User Computing
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Science Applications › Teaching and Learning Programming
- Keywords
- programming by example, HyperCard, program completion, user activity monitoring, user interface design
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review