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Early application identification
Open accessAbstract
The automatic detection of applications associated with network traffic is an essential step for network security and traffic engineering. Unfortunately, simple port-based classification methods are not always efficient and systematic analysis of packet payloads is too slow. Most recent research proposals use flow statistics to classify traffic flows once they are finished, which limit their applicability for online classification. In this paper, we evaluate the feasibility of application identification at the beginning of a TCP connection. Based on an analysis of packet traces collected on eight different networks, we find that it is possible to distinguish the behavior of an application from the observation of the size and the direction of the first few packets of the TCP connection. We apply three techniques to cluster TCP connections: K-Means, Gaussian Mixture Model and spectral clustering. Resulting clusters are used together with assignment and labeling heuristics to design classifiers. We evaluate these classifiers on different packet traces. Our results show that the first four packets of a TCP connection are sufficient to classify known applications with an accuracy over 90% and to identify new applications as unknown with a probability of 60%.
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“Nevertheless, various classifiers leverage port numbers in conjunction with other techniques [31,56,244,417] to improve the performance of the traffic classifiers.”
From A comprehensive survey on machine learning for networking: Evolution, applications and research opportunities (2018) · cites this paper as [56]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Bernaille, L., Teixeira, R., & Salamatian, K.
- Affiliations
- Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie (FR)
- ORCID
- Teixeira, Renata
- Venue
- Proceedings of the 2006 ACM CoNEXT conference on - CoNEXT '06
- Publisher
- ACM Press
- Published
- 2006
- Pages
- 1
- OpenAlex
- W2055261595
- Cited by
- 374
- References
- 22
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- 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 32 · 2012: 23
- FWCI
- 19.89
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- inria.hal.science
- Locations
- ACM International Conference on emerging Networking EXperiments and Technologies (CoNEXT) (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › Network Security and Intrusion Detection
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Hardware and Architecture › Network Packet Processing and Optimization
- Keywords
- application identification, TCP connections, network traffic classification, online classification, Gaussian mixture model, spectral clustering, K-means clustering, packet traces, network security
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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