The DOI matches its Crossref record; 22 of the 23 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 5 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
The productivity paradox of information technology
Open accessAbstract
The relationship between information technology (IT) and productivity is widely discussed but little understood.Delivered computing power in the U.S. economy has increased by more than two orders of magnitude since 1970 (Figure 1) yet productivity; especially in the B u s i n e s s C o m p u t i n g 1~ble 2. Studies of IT in M a n u f a c t u r i n g 'robl® 3. Studies of IT in Services
Overview
CoChat Summary
TL;DR
Brynjolfsson reviews the “IT productivity paradox”—large increases in computing power and IT investment without clear aggregate productivity gains—and argues the shortfall is at least partly due to measurement and methodological deficiencies rather than solely mismanagement. He organizes explanations into measurement errors, lags, redistribution, and mismanagement, and notes that some firm-level evidence finds high returns to IT.
Key findings
- U.S. delivered computing power increased by more than two orders of magnitude since 1970 while service-sector productivity stagnated; Solow’s summary is quoted: “we see computers everywhere except in the productivity statistics.”
- Roach’s cited statistics indicate output per production worker grew 16.9% between the mid-1970s and 1986, while output per information worker decreased 6.6%.
- Four explanations for the paradox are assessed: measurement errors, lags, redistribution, and mismanagement. The paper argues measurement difficulties may account for “the lion’s share” of the gap; Baily and Gordon’s revisions add 2.3% per year to productivity between 1973 and 1987 in finance, insurance, and real estate.
- Brynjolfsson and Hitt found service firms’ return on investment averaged over 60% per year, and the study with the largest and most detailed data set found no productivity shortfall. Lags are also noted: executives expected up to five years for IT payoffs, and an econometric study found two-to-three-year lags.
Methods
- Review and synthesis, not new primary data collection.
- Based on a computerized literature search of 30 leading journals in information systems and economics, plus discussions with leading researchers.
- Assesses principal empirical studies of IT and productivity across manufacturing and services and evaluates four hypotheses for the paradox.
Limitations
- The paper states there is still no definitive answer to whether IT’s productivity impact has actually been unusually low; research tools remain “blunt,” and the measurement problem is becoming more severe. It also cautions that “a shortfall of evidence is not necessarily evidence of a shortfall.”
- The paper states that studies usually spell out data and method limitations, but media may report only surprising conclusions, and managers tend to overemphasize productivity studies.
- Evident from the text: as a literature review, its conclusions depend on cited studies and their measurement and methodological limitations; it provides no new empirical estimates.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
0 Valid · 0 Not valid · 5 Not checked · 8 Own results and interpretations
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The sharp drop in productivity roughly coincided with the rapid increase in the use of IT (Figure 1).”
§ THE PRODUCTIVITY PARADOX OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY > EconomywJde Productivity and the Information Worker
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A statement the paper makes itself — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Econometric estimates have also indicated low IT capital productivity in a variety of manufacturing and service industries.”
§ THE PRODUCTIVITY PARADOX OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY > Dimensions of the Paradox
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While a number of dimensions of the paradox are disturbing and provoking, we still do not have a definitive answer to the question of whether the productivity impact of IT has actually been unusually low.”
§ THE PRODUCTIVITY PARADOX OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Using a standard production function approach, Brynjolfsson and Hitt Business Computing [7] found that for the service firms in their sample, return on investment averaged over 60% per year.”
§ THE PRODUCTIVITY PARADOX OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY > COMMUNI CATI ONS OF THE ACM
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [7]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“This accords with a recent econometric study by Brynjolfsson et al. [8] which found lags of two-tothree years before the strongest organizational impacts of IT were felt.”
§ THE PRODUCTIVITY PARADOX OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY > Lags
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [8]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
5 more claims
Create a free account to see all 13 claims and every source verdict.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 2
- Probably not a substantial claim. 1
Citations
Cites
Reengineering Work: Don’t Automate, Obliterate
Hammer, M. M. (1990) · Cited by 2,908
Does Information Technology Lead to Smaller Firms?
Brynjolfsson, E., Malone, T. W., Gurbaxani, V., & Kambil, A. (1994) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.40.12.1628 · Cited by 682
Self-citationThe Business Value of Computers: An Executive's Guide
Strassmann, P. A. (1990) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 553
The Productivity Slowdown, Measurement Issues, and the Explosion of Computer Power
Baily, M. N., Gordon, R. J., Nordhaus, W. D., & Romer, D. (1988) · Brookings Papers on Economic Activity · doi:10.2307/2534534 · Cited by 391
Evaluation of strategic investments in information technology
Clemons, E. K. (1991) · Communications of the ACM · doi:10.1145/99977.99985 · Cited by 384
Services under siege--the restructuring imperative.
Roach, S. S. (1991) · PubMed · Cited by 350
Computers, Networks and the Corporation
Malone, T. W., & Rockart, J. F. (1991) · Scientific American · doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0991-128 · Cited by 342
Cron, W. L., & Sobol, M. G. (1983) · Information & Management · doi:10.1016/0378-7206(83)90034-4 · Cited by 290
IS INFORMATION SYSTEMS SPENDING PRODUCTIVE? NEW EVIDENCE AND NEW RESULTS
Brynjolfsson, E., & Hitt, L. M. (1993) · DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) · Cited by 205
Self-citationPurchased Services, Outsourcing, Computers, and Productivity in Manufacturing
Siegel, D. S., & Griliches, Z. (1991) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w3678 · Cited by 192
Research works printed but not linked: 11
- Alpar P, 1990, Proceedings of the Twenty- Second Hawaiian International Conference On System Science (Honolufu. Hawaii
- Baily M.N., 1988, Brooking~ Papers on Economic A ctivi~,, W.C. Brainard, and G.I., Perry.
- Berndt E.R., 1991, National Bureau of Economic Research Manuscript
- Brooke G, 1991, University of Minnesota
- 10.5555/3217170.3217173 · doi:10.5555/3217170.3217173
- Harris S.E., 1989, Prorceedings of the Twenty--Second Hawaikm International Conqference ~m System Science (Honolulu
- Loveman G.W., July, 1988.
- Noyelle T., Ed., 1990, the Service Sector. Westview Press, Boulder, Col.
- Siegel D., Apr., 1991
- Strassmann A., 1990, Conn.
- Weill P. Do Computers Pay Off? iCII Press Washington D.C. 1990. Weill P. Do Computers Pay Off? iCII Press Washington D.C. 1990.
Cited by
Items 2,001–2,100 of 2,614
Strategische Überlegungen zur Einführung eines Organizational Memory Systems
Habermann, F., & Scheer, A. (1999) · Physica-Verlag eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-58692-7_22 · Cited by 1
Communication et gestion des conflits dans les projets
Marciniak, R. (1998) · Communication et organisation · doi:10.4000/communicationorganisation.2028 · Cited by 1
Decisões do uso da tecnologia da informação: um estudo sobre o efeito das capacidades dinâmicas
da Silva, B. A. M. (2011) · Americanae (AECID Library) · Cited by 1
Wake up or fall asleep-value implication of trusted computing
Hu, N., Huang, J., Liu, L., Li, Y., & Ma, D. (2009) · Information Technology and Management · doi:10.1007/s10799-009-0060-7 · Cited by 1
Rothengatter, D. (2012) · doi:10.3990/1.9789036533805 · Cited by 1
Sanchez, O. P., & Albertin, A. L. (2004) · Journal of the Association for Information Systems · Cited by 1
Botha, N. (2015) · SUNScholar (Stellenbosch University) · Cited by 1
On the value of information from using information systems
Mason, C. F., & Ragowsky, A. (2002) · Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) · doi:10.1109/hicss.1997.661610 · Cited by 1
The relationship between IT spending and corporate revenue
Senn, J. A., & Lee, J. (2002) · Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) · doi:10.1109/hicss.1995.375673 · Cited by 1
Nouvelle économie, nouvelle organisation et technologies de l'informationPreprint
Rivard, S. (2000) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 1
The Effectiveness of Health Informatics
Paolucci, F., Ergas, H., Hannan, T., & Aarts, J. (2010) · Advances in healthcare information systems and administration book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-61520-733-6.ch002 · Cited by 1
Making sense of the information systems use field
Joneidy, S. (2015) · University of Salford Institutional Repository (University of Salford) · Cited by 1
Governança da tecnologia de informação e a efetividade dos sistemas de informação
Machado, C. P. (2007) · Americanae (AECID Library) · Cited by 1
Ghorishi, M. (2009) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) · Cited by 1
0 IMPACT OF SOA USE ON PERFORMANCE OUTCOMES OF INFORMATION SHARING IN SUPPLY CHAIN
Kumar, S., Krishnan, M. S., & Dakshinamoorthy, V. (2015) · Cited by 1
Ochieng, E. A. (2009) · Cited by 1
Dans, E. (2003) · Revista de empresa: La fuente de ideas del ejecutivo · Cited by 1
Cottrell, A., Cockshott, P. W., Michaelson, G. J., & Wright, I. P. (2007) · Cited by 1
Reasoning about Software System Design with SSM
Kokol, P. (1997) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-0265-8_95 · Cited by 1
Balanced scorecard as a strategic management tool : the case of Seagull AS
Mikalsen, K. H. (2003) · BIBSYS Brage (BIBSYS (Norway)) · Cited by 1
Capacidade de absorção: bases teóricas, funcionamento e condicionantes
Alves, M. F. R. (2015) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/d.96.2015.tde-02092015-101039 · Cited by 1
Information technology policy and management in developing countries : The case of Eritrea
Andemariam, K. (1999) · University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) · Cited by 1
Noth, F., Slotty, C. F., & Hackethal, A. (2009) · Econstor (Econstor) · Cited by 1
Information Systems Success Awareness for Professional Long Tail Communities of Practice
Renzel, D., Klamma, R., Spaniol, M., & Jarke, M. (2016) · RWTH Publications (RWTH Aachen) · Cited by 1
Sustainable Advantages of Business Value of Information Technology
Romero, J. A. (2017) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-2255-3.ch079 · Cited by 1
Present status and perceived importance of computer skills in a Taiwanese service industry
Tseng, E.-M. (1995) · UNI ScholarWorks (University of Northern Iowa) · Cited by 1
Business Value of Information Technology: A Complex Adaptive Systems Theory View
Onik, M. F. A. (2019) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.132323 · Cited by 1
On the validation of an Evaluation Framework: Assessment by Experts
Högler, T., & Versendaal, J. (2017) · Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) · Cited by 1
BIM in Translation : Exploring Client Organisations as Drivers for Change in Construction
Lindblad, H. (2019) · Diva portal (Dalarna University Library) · Cited by 1
Understanding the phenomenon of IS success in China through the lens of the IS-Impact model
Cao, L. (2011) · Cited by 1
Creativity and Information Systems: A Theoretical and Empirical Investigation of Creativity in IS
London, J. (2019) · TigerPrints (Clemson University) · Cited by 1
The impact of electronically-enabled supply chains on channel relationships and firm performance
Bidar, F. (2011) · Swinburne figshare (Swinburne University of Technology) · doi:10.25916/sut.26272837 · Cited by 1
Examination of Corporate Investments in Privacy: An Event Study
Squillace, J. (2021) · NSUWorks (Nova Southeastern University) · Cited by 1
Determining Information Systems Procurement Strategy -- AHP Approach
Hallikaninen, P., & Kivijarvi, N. (1999) · ISAHP proceedings · doi:10.13033/isahp.y1999.030 · Cited by 1
Deciding Which is to Build and Assessing Success: Learning to Do It Better
Hallikainen, P., Peffers, K., & Saarinen, T. (2005) · Journal of the Association for Information Systems · Cited by 1
Are expectations for parallelism too high? a survey of potential parallel users
Cook, C. R., Pancake, C. M., & Walpole, R. (1994) · ACM/IEEE Conference on Supercomputing (SC) · doi:10.1145/602770.602797 · Cited by 1
As Generative Models Improve, People Adapt Their Prompts *Preprint
Jahani, E., Manning, B. S., Zhang, J., Ye, H. Y. T., Alsobay, M., Nicolaides, C., Suri, S., & Holtz, D. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4899363 · Cited by 1
Enhancing Technical Student Proficiency in Global Competition
Shoemaker, D., & Jovanovic, V. M. (1997) · Journal of Computer Information Systems · doi:10.1080/08874417.1997.11647314 · Cited by 1
Incentivizing The Content Creator When Tasks Can Be Delegated to Artificial IntelligencePreprint
Zhang, X., Dou, Y., & Wu, D. J. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5118060 · Cited by 1
SenGupta, S. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5176353 · Cited by 1
Return of the Solow-paradox in AI?: AI-adoption and firm productivityPreprint
Hajikhani, A., Jäger, A., Schubert, T., & Suominen, A. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-7434983/v1 · Cited by 1
IT artefact renewal : triggers, timing and benefits
Kankaanpää, I. (2011) · Jyväskylä University Digital Archive (University of Jyväskylä) · Cited by 1
Enterprise Networks and Information and Communications Technology Standardisation
Carayannis, E. G., & Nikolaidis, Y. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-84996-244-5_5 · Cited by 1
Duc, T. L. (2013) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/16b57ceaz830bz4b88za1d5z195616bf935b · Cited by 1
Kossaï, M. (2013) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/964a8f75zca05z4507z81baze42f899759a6 · Cited by 1
Drumare, C. J. G. M. (2013) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/63659d33ze5dcz4d8fzba81z2acef9410b48 · Cited by 1
Moeuf, A. (2018) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/80e0a14bz23c6z4ceez9b05z83eb02f8b77b · Cited by 1
Taming the Bullwhip Effect in Complex Business Environments
Setzekorn, K., Melcher, A. J., & Rai, A. (2000) · Journal of the Association for Information Systems · Cited by 1
The IS Governance Perspective of IS Performance Management
Perego, A. (2009) · Archivio istituzionale della Ricerca - Bocconi · Cited by 1
E-COMMERCE STRATEGY ANDCORPORATE PERFORMANCE
Jackson, J. D., Chang, K., & Grover, V. (2002) · Journal of the Association for Information Systems · Cited by 1
Kirveennummi, M. (1997) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-5915-3_11 · Cited by 1
Habjan, A. (2014) · ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) · Cited by 1
Helping Small Businesses become more Data-Driven: A Field Experiment on eBay
Bar-Gill, S., Brynjolfsson, E., & Hak, N. (2023) · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4407497
Self-citationBusiness Value of the CRM Approach : the Case of 5 Stars Hotels in Lebanon
Nakhoul, I. (2011) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/2b51681az3dc3z4b8az9c8azb8df99b5032e
The Productivity Paradox: The Role of Quality and Technology Type in the Investment Decision
Oliver, J. R., & Thatcher, M. E. (n.d.)
Rodríguez, A., & Corredoira, M. D. L. Á. Q. (2011)
Malladi, S. (2014) · Deep Blue (University of Michigan)
Dziuba, D. T. (2008) · Monografie i Opracowania / Szkoła Główna Handlowa
Armstrong, C. E., & Drnevich, P. L. (2009) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1351851
IT Investment and Firm Risk: The Risk Paradox?
Wimble, M. (2006) · Journal of the Association for Information Systems
Contreras, M. V., & Santos, T. (2004) · Hispana
Análise do valor do uso da tecnologia da informação baseada em princípios econômicos
Sanchez, O. P. (2006) · Americanae (AECID Library)
Strategy, ICT Investment, BPR And Business Performance: An Empirical Investigation
Loukis, E., & Παζάλος, Κ. (2009) · Journal of the Association for Information Systems
Identifying and benchmarking information technolgy cost within a multinational
Hamm, P. A. (2010) · UpSpace Institutional Repository (University of Pretoria)
Towards a Better Understanding of IT Cost Drivers of Asset Management Companies
Hamel, F., Herz, T. P., Uebernickel, F., & Brenner, W. (2012) · Alexandria (UniSG) (University of St.Gallen)
Value creation from corporate Web sites: how different features contribute to success in e-Business
Madeja, N., & Schoder, D. (2004) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-075066140-9/50011-4
Internet technology as a business tool
Bruque, S. (2003) · International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems
The adoption of multimedia occupational health, safety and environment inductions
Wright, R., & McGill, T. J. (2013) · Murdoch University Research Portal
Social construction of IS evaluation: a case study of IT investment appraisal
Baygeldi, M. (2011) · London School of Economics and Political Science Theses Online (London School of Economics and Political Science)
The evaluation of e-business related technologies in the railway industry
Tetther, C. M., & Ferreira, L. (2004) · QUT ePrints (Queensland University of Technology)
Eatock, J., Serrano, A., Giaglis, G. M., & Paul, R. J. (2002) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-0135-2_10
Rival, Y., & Reix, R. (2005) · HAL
Las nuevas tecnologías de información y comunicación y la empresa: realidad práctica en España
Guirado, C. E., & Sánchez, J. J. N. (2009) · Revista Icade. Revista de las Facultades de Derecho y Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales
Protecting management information systems: Virtual Private Network competitive advantage
Sirisukha, S. (2008) · Tuwhera (Auckland University of Technology)
Differences in National IT Investment: What Really Matters
Sherer, S. A., & Manzo, J. T. (2007) · Journal of the Association for Information Systems
Shu, W. (1998) · UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona)
The Evaluation of IS Investment Returns: The RFI Case
Braccini, A. M., Perego, A., & Marco, M. D. (2011) · Physica-Verlag eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-7908-2632-6_19
Dynamics of Alignment and the Internal Response Lag Concept
Leonard, J. (2007) · Journal of the Association for Information Systems
ICT adoption and impact on the Italian logistics service providers’ performance
Evangelista, P., Mogre, R., Perego, A., Raspagliesi, A., & Sweeney, E. (2009) · Arrow - TU Dublin (Technological University Dublin)
On the Double Importance of Time in IT-Related Event StudiesPreprint
Alexy, O. T. (2008) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1029592
MANAGEMENT STRATEGY, INVESTMENT IN IT, AND PRODUCTIVITY
Laudon, K. C., Marr, K. L., & Sessions, D. N. (1995) · Faculty Digital Archive (New York University Florence)
Neto, M. V. D. S., Viana, F. L. E., & Anez, M. M. (2008) · Journal of the Association for Information Systems
Valuation of IT-investment A valuation method for ICC-investment
Bergfeldt, I., & Börjesson, R. (2009) · Gothenburg University Publications Electronic Archive (Gothenburg University)
Nutzen der Telekooperation — Die ökonomische Perspektive
Reichwald, R., Möslein, K. M., Sachenbacher, H. C., & Englberger, H. J. (2000) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-57112-1_8
da Cunha, J. A. C. (2006) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/d.96.2006.tde-24012007-155022
Porsemo, K., & Salehinia, S. (2007) · Gothenburg University Publications Electronic Archive (Gothenburg University)
Lerones, P. M. (2007) · UVaDOC UVaDOC University of Valladolid Documentary Repository (University of Valladolid) · doi:10.35376/10324/140
Moon, J., Jo, S., Lee, H.-K., & Kwon, S.-O. (2008) · Journal of the Association for Information Systems
Literature Review - Enterprise Value of Information SystemsPreprint
Bray, D. A. (2007) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.991170
Evaluating E-Business Leadership and Its Links to Profitability
Quan, J. J. (2004) · Journal of the Association for Information Systems
Improving the level of knowledge generationPreprint
Song, X. M., van der Bij, J. D., & Weggeman, M. (2001) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics
Wright, R. (2011) · Murdoch University Research Portal
The Role of the academy in the economic development of nations
Vyhmeister, R. (2007) · International Forum Journal · doi:10.63201/jtvd1081
A Credit Union Case Study on the Business Value of Information Systems/Information Technology
Maimbo, H., & Pervan, G. (2003)
Järvinen, P. (1996) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-34979-4_51
Produktivität und Wachstum - Lernen von den USA?
Hagemann, H., Schreyer, M., & Seiter, S. (2001) · Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft · doi:10.59288/wug273.277-314
THE EFFECT OF TECHNOLOGY ON THE ECONOMY AND EMPLOYMENT
Meyer, J. P., & Pretorius, M. W. (2013) · Southern African Institute of Industrial Engineering
The Impact of Internal Entrepreneurship on IS Implementation
Zhang, L., & Kawalek, P. (2006) · Journal of the Association for Information Systems
Metadata
- Authors
- Brynjolfsson, E.
- Corresponding author
- Brynjolfsson, Erik
- ORCID
- Brynjolfsson, Erik
- Venue
- Communications of the ACM
- Published
- 1993-12
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 66-77
- ISSN
- 0001-0782 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-7317
- OpenAlex
- W1978484347
- Semantic Scholar
- 2b9a95f6e1bc5dd2f1b17bcaafe11e28368aa4ca
- Cited by
- 2,604
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 148 · 2025: 85 · 2024: 72 · 2023: 77 · 2022: 68 · 2021: 70 · 2020: 82 · 2019: 77 · 2018: 79 · 2017: 84 · 2016: 85 · 2015: 104 · 2014: 112 · 2013: 100 · 2012: 129
- FWCI
- 79.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Communications of the ACM (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Economic Growth and Productivity
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Management Information Systems › Information Technology Governance and Strategy
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › ICT Impact and Policies
- Keywords
- information technology, productivity, productivity paradox, computational power, business computing, manufacturing industry, service, IT investment returns
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-14, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-14 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
