The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Normalized data base structure: a brief tutorial
Abstract
Casual and other users of large formatted data bases need a simple tabular (relational) view of the data rather than a network or tree-structured view. This paper illustrates the removal of repeating groups, hierarchic and plex structures, and cross-referencing structures. Finally, the simplification of data base relations by normalization is discussed.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cited by
The entity-relationship model—toward a unified view of data
Chen, P. P.-S. (1976) · ACM Transactions on Database Systems · doi:10.1145/320434.320440 · Cited by 4,708
SEQUEL: A structured English query language
Chamberlin, D. D., & Boyce, R. F. (1976) · Proceedings of the 1976 ACM SIGFIDET (now SIGMOD) workshop on Data description, access and control - FIDET '76 · doi:10.1145/800296.811515 · Cited by 584
Implementation of integrity constraints and views by query modification
Stonebraker, M. (1975) · Proceedings of the 1975 ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data - SIGMOD '75 · doi:10.1145/500080.500091 · Cited by 465
Metadata
- Authors
- Codd, E. F.
- Venue
- Proceedings of the 1971 ACM SIGFIDET (now SIGMOD) Workshop on Data Description, Access and Control - SIGFIDET '71
- Publisher
- ACM Press
- Published
- 1971
- Pages
- 1
- OpenAlex
- W2163887589
- Cited by
- 172
- References
- 0
- Type
- conference abstract
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Normalized data base structure: a brief tutorial. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1145/1734714.1734716
- The paper
- Codd, E. F. (1971). Normalized data base structure: a brief tutorial. Proceedings of the 1971 ACM SIGFIDET (now SIGMOD) Workshop on Data Description, Access and Control - SIGFIDET '71. https://doi.org/10.1145/1734714.1734716
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
