Maintaining knowledge about temporal intervals

“Synchronization relationships are defined using Allen’s operators [1] extended for temporal elements.”

“Examples of concrete domain predicates interesting for scene interpretation are inequalities over real numbers, Allen’s interval calculus [41], or the RCC-8 calculus about spatial regions [42].”

“The use of representation and reasoning methods suggested by Allen (1981) might help address this limitation.”

“Adsorption [1] is a general algorithmic framework for transductive learning where the learner is often given a small set of labeled examples and a very large set of unlabeled examples.”

“Similar to the interval-based time representation of [16], we consider that for any behaviorsand , the postconditions of being met and behavior being active are time extended events that take place during the intervals and , respectively (Fig.”

“Likewise, a robust system of``topological'' temporal relationships for time intervals were de®ned by Allen [4] and subsequently re®ned [45].”

“As such, it is close to ‘region versus points’ theories of time and space (Allen, 1983; Allen and Hayes, 1985; Benthem, 1983; Randell et al., 1992).”

“The sum of all numbers in Figure 7b is 169, that is, there are 169 unique placements for the edge points and therefore 169 possible relations between MBRs (this number is the square of possible relations between time intervals introduced in Allen 1983).”

“Continuity networks de ning such neighbours are often called conceptual neighbourhoods in the literature following the use of the term [55] to describe the of structure Allen's 13 JEPD temporal relations [1] according to their conceptual closeness (e.”

“Since the compliance rule language predicates in this case over durative temporal entities, it relies on an interval algebra (such as the one by Allen [69]) to relate the execution of different activities over time.”

“Allen's taxonomy of temporal relationships [3] is adopted to describe the basic relationships among events and summarized in Figure 1.”

“Amongst the work that has been most influential in this area is that of Allen (1981, 1983, 1984) and McDermott (1982).”

“They introduce the Clinical Narrative Temporal Relation Ontology (CNTRO), which is based on Allen’s Interval Based Temporal Logic [5] but allows usage of time instants as well as intervals.”

“, a terminal precedes another using Allen’s temporal algebra [3].”

“DATE '2011-01-01') Period predicates are functionally similar to (but not identical to) the well-known Allen’s interval operators [11].”

“Studies of diagrams based on the 13 possible relations between two time intervals (Allen, 1983) showed that individuals have definite preferences in combining them (Knauff, Rauh, & Schlieder, 1995).”

“We will also use the abbreviations for disjunctions used in [Allen, 1983] The thirteenth relationship is equality.”

“Exhaustive list of temporal relations between intervals, as defined by Allen’s algebra (Allen, 1983).”

“Allen's algebra [1], for example, defines thirteen possible relations between time intervals and provides a transitivity table for their propagation.”

“Relations that are important for describing context include 2D and 3D spatial relations, as well as temporal relations [32].”

“Allen’s time interval algebra [21] focuses on reasoning about time intervals, and languages such as”

“These options are supplemented with the corresponding fine-grained temporal relation types of Allen (1983)’s classification.”

“Such relations are described by applying Allen’s [2] interval relations along the projections of regions to the x- and yaxes.”

“Therefore in practical systems tractable but incomplete algorithms are often used, as for example, in the terminological component of KL-TWO [9], in the reasoning maintenance system RUP [14], and in Allen's temporal reasoner 1].”

“…[42], [111], [110], [37]), political science ([15], [177]), artificial intelligence ([65]), computer science ([175],[187]), temporal logic (see [6]) and the interval satisfiability problem ([91] [148]) mathematical programming ([156], [155]), electronic business, medicine and biology ([22],…”

“Temporal relations between force dynamics features are specified using ‘Allen relations’, which encode 13 possible logical relations between pairs of time intervals [ 48 ].”

“SputLink is based on James Allen’s interval algebra (1983) and was inspired by (Setzer, 2001) and (Katz and Arosio, 2001) who both added a closure component to an annotation environment.”

“(Allen 1983). different ways of composing atomic activities and their temporal dependencies.”

“In the AI view [5, 35], however, time is usually assumed to be dense.”

“If the model was to allow for other temporal constraints such 2 as those described in [Allen 83], the complexity of the algorithm would be O(ν k ).”

“Allen supports this argument with the following example [2]:”

“Note that the seven temporal relations employed by the current versionare equivalent to setsof Allen’s interval relations(Allen, 1983).4 before after incl at starts finishes excl Table1: thetemporalrelationsused”

“Package lubridate (Grolemund and Wickham 2011) allows one to explicitly define and compute with time intervals (e.g., Allen (1983)).”

“2) [8], or Dechter and colleagues [9] system of numerical relationships (eg, before by at least 2 days).”

“, 1992) and Allen’s interval algebra (Allen, 1983) have been proposed and widely accepted.”

“The complete table of such one-step inferences was derived in [Egenhofer,1991; Smith and Park,1992] (see Table 1; notice that this is an extension -as we shall see, a surprisingly subtle one-of Allen's classical work on temporal intervals [Allen,1983]).”

“For instance, our mereology of events corresponds to the standards treatment of events in the philosophical literature [13]; the notion of participation is articulated here as the perdurant counterpart of the notion of qua individuals (or role instances) [3]; the treatment of temporal ordering of events adopted here (…”

“Reasoning about temporal relationships between temporal settings that are intervals is handled by Allen's interval calculus (Allen 1983) for the linear case and for cycles by Hornsby et al. (1999).”

“Allen's interval calculus (Allen 1983) is best known within AI; however, the credit for inventing such calculi is not due to him; Van Benthem (1983) describes an interval calculus, while (Nicod 1924, chapter 2) is probably the earliest such system.”

“On the other hand, SIADEX provides clear explanations about its temporal reasoning mechanism and supports all relations defined independently by Allen [82] and van Benthem [83].”

“We allow any of the thirteen interval relations identified by Allen in [21] to be used as the interval predicates e.”

“Although a formal set of spatiotemporal operators, in correspondence to the topological / directional models [6, 18] between spatial regions or Allen's relations [1] between temporal intervals, is lacking, proposals for spatiotemporal indexing should be able to support specific spatiotemporal operations, such as the o…”

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“Timing is expressed using time intervals [70].”

“It is worth noting that the defined pattern language captures the set of all possible 13 relations on two temporal intervals as defined in [3].”

“The types of spatial and temporal relations are considered in the literature on temporal and spatial reasoning (e.g. [8,9]) and on geographic information systems (e.g. [10]).”

“It is well known [1,3] that in linear time structures there are thirteen such relations.”

“Existing models are mainly based on the relations defined in [Hamb72, Alle83 ] for expressing knowledge about time.”

“The kind of analysis required is a simplified version of the temporal reasoning framework presented by Allen [7], where the 13 basic different temporal relations among events were identified.”

“There is considerable overlap between these areas.”

“Basic relations are defined in the usual way [1].”

“Ans. when was james cagney’s spouse born? when was the last time the orioles won the world series?”

“Allen’s interval [29] Applied to the tasks of temporal abstraction and query process to determine qualitative temporal relationships between”

“There are essentially three components to this structure: the primitive event typemstate (S), process (P) or transition (T); the focus of the event; and the rules for event composition (cf. Allen [2], Moens and Steedman [37], Passonneau [42], Pustejovsky [45]).”

“But, one can extend the notion of inheritance to include other structural links such as the is-a-part-of, and occurs-during links (Allen, 1983; Schubert, Papalaskaris, & Taugher, 1983).”

“The work on temporal databases and query languages goes back to [111], which provides a Description of syntax and semantics of temporal extension of Quel (a calculus-based query language for the Ingres system) that makes use of Allen’s interval relations [22].”

“[ 1 ]). Allen' s representation also permits the expr ession of disjunctions, such as (A (before after) B), which means that A occurs before or after B. Metric constraints appear as difference (in)equalities on the endpoints of named intervals.”

“1 Allen's framework There are thirteen basic relations that can hold between two intervals (see Figure 1; Allen, 1983; Bruce, 1972). In order to represent inde nite information, the relation between two intervals is allowed to be a disjunction of the basic relations. Sets are used to list the disjunctions. For example…”

“TIE's point-wise constraints from TIE's output are converted back to Allen-style relations.”

“However, ARMADA uses memory-based indexing, instead of Apriori-based algorithm.”

“Based on his work in [ 1 ] where he has identified 13 possible relationships (like before, equal, meets, overlaps, during) between intervals, Allen in [2] defines a predicate HoldsOp;iU which asserts that a property p is true during a time interval i. This predicate implies that p holds at every subinterval of i as we…”

“The set of allowable ordering relations are the temporal relations described by Allen [1]: before, starts (sometimes called parallel), finishes, meets (sometimes called sequential), equals, overlaps, and during.”

“In the first class, time is expressed by means of points in a one-dimensional time space [ViKa86] whereas, in a second model class, intervals are the atomic units of the time space [ Alle83 ].”

“There exists significant work in the formalization of temporal events in order to support inferencing about their interrelationships [1] and to facilitate the compression and retrieval of image sequences by indexing temporal and spatial changes [2, 3].”

“Following Allen’s Interval Algebra [1], there are a total of 13 temporal relationships between two temporal entities as illustrated in Figure 1.”

“Considering queries using Allen’s temporal relations [42] (before, after, overlaps, etc.”

“In the engineering perspective, visualisation can change the way information is presented in through-life (Chi 2000) and occur at a precise point or an interval in time (Allen 1983).”