The DOI matches its Crossref record; 13 of the 13 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Rough sets
Open accessAbstract
Rough set theory, introduced by Zdzislaw Pawlak in the early 1980s [11, 12], is a new mathematical tool to deal with vagueness and uncertainty. This approach seems to be of fundamental importance to artificial intelligence (AI) and cognitive sciences, especially in the areas of machine learning, knowledge acquisition, decision analysis, knowledge discovery from databases, expert systems, decision support systems, inductive reasoning, and pattern recognition.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Rough Sets: Theoretical Aspects of Reasoning about Data
Pawlak, Z. (1991) · Our Digital Library (Warsaw University of Technology) · Cited by 8,343
Self-citationVariable precision rough set model
Ziarko, W. (1993) · Journal of Computer and System Sciences · doi:10.1016/0022-0000(93)90048-2 · Cited by 2,036
Self-citationThe Discernibility Matrices and Functions in Information Systems
Skowron, A., & Rauszer, C. (1992) · Intelligent Decision Support · doi:10.1007/978-94-015-7975-9_21 · Cited by 1,653
Advances in the Dempster-Shafer theory of evidence
Yager, R. R., Kacprzyk, J., & Fedrizzi, M. (1994) · Iris (University of Trento) · Cited by 1,028
Intelligent Decision Support: Handbook of Applications and Advances of the Rough Sets Theory
(1992) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-015-7975-9 · Cited by 836
Intelligent decision support. Handbook of applications and advances of the rough sets theory
(1993) · Fuzzy Sets and Systems · doi:10.1016/0165-0114(93)90040-o · Cited by 803
LERS-A System for Learning from Examples Based on Rough Sets
Grzymala-Busse, J. W. (1992) · Intelligent Decision Support · doi:10.1007/978-94-015-7975-9_1 · Cited by 653
Self-citationRough set approach to multi-attribute decision analysis
Pawlak, Z., & Słowiński, R. (1994) · European Journal of Operational Research · doi:10.1016/0377-2217(94)90415-4 · Cited by 475
Self-citationKnowledge acquisition under uncertainty ? a rough set approach
Grzymala‐Busse, J. W. (1988) · Journal of Intelligent & Robotic Systems · doi:10.1007/bf00437317 · Cited by 254
Self-citationManaging Uncertainty in Expert Systems
Grzymala‐Busse, J. W. (1991) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-3982-7 · Cited by 194
Self-citation
Cited by
Maji, P. K., Biswas, R., & Roy, A. R. (2003) · Computers & Mathematics with Applications · doi:10.1016/s0898-1221(03)00016-6 · Cited by 2,282
Pawlak, Z., & Skowron, A. (2007) · Information Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ins.2006.06.003 · Cited by 2,070
Self-citationAn application of soft sets in a decision making problem
Maji, P. K., Roy, A. R., & Biswas, R. (2002) · Computers & Mathematics with Applications · doi:10.1016/s0898-1221(02)00216-x · Cited by 1,735
Rough sets theory for multicriteria decision analysis
Greco, S., Matarazzo, B., & Slowinski, R. (2001) · European Journal of Operational Research · doi:10.1016/s0377-2217(00)00167-3 · Cited by 1,637
Self-citationZavadskas, E. K., & Turskis, Z. (2011) · Technological and Economic Development of Economy · doi:10.3846/20294913.2011.593291 · Cited by 837
Metadata
- Authors
- Pawlak, Z., Grzymala-Busse, J., Slowinski, R., & Ziarko, W.
- Venue
- Communications of the ACM
- Published
- 1995-11
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 88-95
- ISSN
- 0001-0782 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-7317
- OpenAlex
- W2340020088
- Cited by
- 3,205
- References
- 13
- FWCI
- 65.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Rough sets. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1145/219717.219791
- The paper
- Pawlak, Z., Grzymala-Busse, J., Slowinski, R., & Ziarko, W. (1995). Rough sets. Communications of the ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/219717.219791
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.