An exploratory study of eye typing fundamentals: dwell time, text entry rate, errors, and workload
Abstract
Although eye typing (typing on an on-screen keyboard via one's eyes as they are tracked by an eye tracker) has been studied for more than three decades now, we still know relatively little about it from the users' point of view. Standard metrics such as words per minute and keystrokes per character yield information only about the effectiveness of the technology and the interaction techniques developed for eye typing. We conducted an extensive study with almost five hours of eye typing per participant and report on extended qualitative and quantitative analysis of the relationship of dwell time, text entry rate, errors made, and workload experienced by the participants. The analysis method is comprehensive and stresses the need to consider different metrics in unison. The results highlight the importance of catering for individual differences and lead to suggestions for improvements in the interface.
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This is the first time a BCI has substantially exceeded the communication rates that can be provided by alternative technologies for people with paralysis (for example, eye tracking).
“To our knowledge, this is the first time a BCI has substantially exceeded the communication rates that can be provided by alternative technologies for people with paralysis (for example, eye tracking30).”
From A high-performance speech neuroprosthesis (2023) · cites this paper as [30]
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References 22 · Cited by 60
- Authors
- Räihä, K.-J., & Ovaska, S.
- Affiliations
- Tampere University (FI)
- ORCID
- Räihä, Kari-Jouko
- Venue
- Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
- Publisher
- ACM
- Published
- 2012-05-05
- Pages
- 3001-3010
- OpenAlex
- W2076963239
- Cited by
- 60
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 3.37
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Usability and User Interface Design
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › User Authentication and Security Systems
- Keywords
- eye typing, eye tracking, dwell time, typing errors, workload, individual differences, user experience
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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