Borg, Omega, and Kubernetes
Open accessAbstract
Lessons learned from three container-management systems over a decade.
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Borg [25], the Kubernetes lineage [52], Tetris [26], Hawk [27], and Sparrow [28] pack stateless jobs; Gaia [22] optimizes geo-distributed training.
“Borg [25], the Kubernetes lineage [52], Tetris [26], Hawk [27], and Sparrow [28] pack stateless jobs; Gaia [22] optimizes geo-distributed training .”
From Janus: Joint Prefill/Decode Disaggregation with KV-Cache-Aware Multi-Cloud Routing for Edge-Adjacent LLM Serving (2026) · cites this paper as [52]
The paper identifies Kubernetes as a successor in the Borg–Omega lineage and describes Kubernetes pods and a controller for batch jobs (Containers section). It also says Borg runs disparate workloads on shared machines to improve utilization. It does not characterize Kubernetes as packing specifically stateless jobs; the other named systems have separate citations and are not assessed here. (LLM, conf=0.83)
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References 3 · Cited by 690
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Burrows, M. The Chubby lock service for loosely coupled distributed systems. In Proceedings from the Symposium on Operating System Design and Implementation (OSDI). Seattle, WA, 2006.
- Schwarzkopf, M., Konwinski, A., Abd-el-Malek and M., Wilkes, J. Omega: Flexible, scalable schedulers for large compute clusters. In Proceedings from the European Conference on Computer Systems (EuroSys). Prague, Czech Republic, 2013.
- Authors
- Burns, B., Grant, B., Oppenheimer, D., Brewer, E., & Wilkes, J.
- Affiliations
- Google (United States) (US)
- Venue
- Communications of the ACM
- Published
- 2016-04-26
- Volume
- 59
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 50-57
- ISSN
- 0001-0782 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-7317
- OpenAlex
- W2290712622
- Cited by
- 690
- References
- 3
- Citations by year
- 2026: 141 · 2025: 97 · 2024: 53 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 62 · 2020: 69 · 2019: 69 · 2018: 62 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 10
- FWCI
- 130.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Communications of the ACM (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Cloud Computing and Resource Management
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › Software System Performance and Reliability
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › Distributed systems and fault tolerance
- Keywords
- Borg, OMEGA, Kubernetes, container orchestration, distributed systems, fault tolerance
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