Variations in relevance judgments and the measurement of retrieval effectiveness
Abstract
Article Free Access Share on Variations in relevance judgments and the measurement of retrieval effectiveness Author: Ellen M. Voorhees National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MDView Profile Authors Info & Claims SIGIR '98: Proceedings of the 21st annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrievalAugust 1998 Pages 315–323https://doi.org/10.1145/290941.291017Published:01 August 1998Publication History 195citation1,560DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations195Total Downloads1,560Last 12 Months104Last 6 weeks11 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteeReaderPDF
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Similar pooling techniques are used to reduce variance in human annotations by normalizing out natural variation and human error.
“Similar pooling techniques are used to reduce variance in human annotations by normalizing out both natural variation in human judgements caused by their own subjective biases as well as human error (Voorhees, 1998).”
From Replacing Judges with Juries: Evaluating LLM Generations with a Panel of Diverse Models (2024) · cites this paper as Voorhees, 1998
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Evaluation Examples are not Equally Informative: How should that change NLP Leaderboards?
Rodriguez, P., Barrow, J., Hoyle, A. M., Lalor, J. P., Jia, R., & Boyd-Graber, J. (2021) · Proceedings of the 59th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 11th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers) · doi:10.18653/v1/2021.acl-long.346 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Replacing Judges with Juries: Evaluating LLM Generations with a Panel of Diverse Models
Verga, P., Hofstatter, S., Althammer, S., Su, Y., Piktus, A., Arkhangorodsky, A., Xu, M., White, N., & Lewis, P. (2024) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2404.18796 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
The Great Nugget Recall: Automating Fact Extraction and RAG Evaluation with Large Language Models
Pradeep, R., Thakur, N., Upadhyay, S., Campos, D., Craswell, N., Soboroff, I., Dang, H. T., & Lin, J. (2025) · Proceedings of the 48th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval · doi:10.1145/3726302.3730090 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
A Large-Scale Study of Relevance Assessments with Large Language Models Using UMBRELA
Upadhyay, S., Pradeep, R., Thakur, N., Campos, D., Craswell, N., Soboroff, I., & Lin, J. (2025) · Proceedings of the 2025 International ACM SIGIR Conference on Innovative Concepts and Theories in Information Retrieval (ICTIR) · doi:10.1145/3731120.3744605 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The Great Nugget Recall: Automating Fact Extraction and RAG Evaluation with Large Language Models
Pradeep, R., Thakur, N., Upadhyay, S., Campos, D., Craswell, N., & Lin, J. (2025) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2504.15068 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
- Authors
- Voorhees, E. M.
- Affiliations
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (US)
- Corresponding author
- Voorhees, Ellen M.
- ORCID
- Voorhees, Ellen M.
- Venue
- Proceedings of the 21st annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
- Publisher
- ACM
- Published
- 1998-08
- Pages
- 315-323
- OpenAlex
- W2160892561
- Cited by
- 303
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 10 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 11.10
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR) (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Waterloo
- National Institute of Standards and Technology
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Information Retrieval and Search Behavior
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Algorithms and Data Compression
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Recommender Systems and Techniques
- Keywords
- relevance assessment, interobserver agreement, retrieval effectiveness
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
