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Resource Management with Deep Reinforcement Learning
Abstract
Resource management problems in systems and networking often manifest as difficult online decision making tasks where appropriate solutions depend on understanding the workload and environment. Inspired by recent advances in deep reinforcement learning for AI problems, we consider building systems that learn to manage resources directly from experience. We present DeepRM, an example solution that translates the problem of packing tasks with multiple resource demands into a learning problem. Our initial results show that DeepRM performs comparably to state-of-the-art heuristics, adapts to different conditions, converges quickly, and learns strategies that are sensible in hindsight.
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“Recently, RL combined with deep-learning has been shown as a promising alternative [294] that can be leveraged to tackle various resource management problems in practical settings.”
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“One broad category of work focuses on cluster-level schedulers that assign workloads to compute nodes [17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38] and adapt these assignments based on either historical or predicted resource demand [4, 39, 40, 41, 42].”
BackgroundTask Scheduler for Heterogeneous Data Centres Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning
Fomperosa, J., Ibáñez, M., Stafford, E., & Bosque, J. L. (2023) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-30442-2_18 · Cited by 5
Interpretable Modeling of Deep Reinforcement Learning Driven Scheduling
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“…to be modeled after MDP. 7 RL and DRL have been proposed for many resource management problems as well, e.g., autonomous tuning of application configurations, 8 allocating resources for the jobs in data center environments, 9 and device placement for neural network training and inference jobs.”
BackgroundSpace Efficient Quantization for Deep Convolutional Neural Networks
Zhao, D., Fan, L., Sharif, K., Xia, G., & Wang, Y. (2019) · Journal of Computer Science and Technology · doi:10.1007/s11390-019-1912-1 · Cited by 5
“Deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs), among them, are widely used in complex tasks such as image classification([1]), object detection([2]), speech recognition([3]), and network management([4]).”
BackgroundDeep reinforcement learning applied to the k-server problem
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“It has proven to be effective in many challenging tasks such as computer resource management [45], robotics [46] and chemistry [47].”
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Wang, H., Liu, G., & Shen, H. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing · doi:10.1109/tcc.2022.3206206 · Cited by 5
“Reinforcement learning (RL) based schedulers have been proposed [21], [22], [23], [24] to increase resource utilization and reduce average JCT.”
BackgroundNorBERT: NetwOrk Representations Through BERT for Network Analysis & Management
Le, F., Wertheimer, D., Calo, S. B., & Nahum, E. (2022) · Proceedings - International Symposium on Modeling, Analysis, and Simulation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems · doi:10.1109/mascots56607.2022.00012 · Cited by 9
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BackgroundA Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach for Competitive Task Assignment in Enterprise Blockchain
Volpe, G., Mangini, A. M., & Fanti, M. P. (2023) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2023.3276859 · Cited by 5
“The proposed DRL-based algorithm overcomes the limitations of [8] as it does not assume any preliminary consumption-related information in advance.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialText Analysis: Naïve Bayes Algorithm using Python JupyterLab
Nishadi, A. S. T. (2019) · International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications · doi:10.29322/ijsrp.9.11.2019.p9515 · Cited by 5
“The decisions are taken sequentially i. e. outcome depends on the state of the current input and the next input depends on the output of the previous input (Mao, et. al, 2016).”
BackgroundEnergy-Aware Learning Agent (EALA) for Disaggregated Cloud Scheduling
Nordlund, N., Vassiliadis, V., Gazzetti, M., Syrivelis, D., & Tassiulas, L. (2021) · IEEE ... International Conference on Cloud Computing · doi:10.1109/cloud53861.2021.00075 · Cited by 5
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MethodTang, H., Jiao, R., Dong, T., Qin, H., & Xue, F. (2022) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-1253-5_16 · Cited by 5
Inductive-bias-driven Reinforcement Learning For Efficient Schedules in Heterogeneous ClustersPreprint
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“The experimental results showed that their scheduler outperformed DeepRM [13] and commonly used heuristics in terms of average slowdown and resource utilization.”
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BackgroundAugmenting Deep Neural Networks with Scenario-Based Guard Rules
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“Recent contributions include data-driven flow control for wide-area networks, job scheduling, and network congestion control [19].”
BackgroundAutoDefense: Reinforcement Learning Based Autoreactive Defense Against Network Attacks
Mi, Y., Mohaisen, A., & Wang, A. (2022) · IEEE Conference on Communications and Network Security · doi:10.1109/cns56114.2022.9947232 · Cited by 4
“Similar to many existing RL solutions [31]–[33], we also employ a neural network to implement the RL policies in our design.”
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Xu, Q., Zhang, Y., Zhang, S., Zhao, R. J., Wu, Z., Zhang, D., Zhou, C. Y., Li, X., Chen, J., Zhao, Z., et al. (2022) · IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS) · doi:10.1109/iros47612.2022.9982068 · Cited by 4
EdgeMORE: improving resource allocation with multiple options from tenants
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“The objective is generally to minimize network traffic, energy [17] or execution time [6].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialTowards Automated Network Management: Learning the Optimal Protocol Selection
Zhang, X., Chen, S., Im, Y., Gorlatova, M. A., Ha, S., & Joe‐Wong, C. (2019) · IEEE International Conference on Network Protocols (ICNP) · doi:10.1109/icnp.2019.8888100 · Cited by 4
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BackgroundDeepRoute: Herding Elephant and Mice Flows with Reinforcement Learning
Kiran, M., Mohammed, B., & Krishnaswamy, N. (2020) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-45778-5_20 · Cited by 6
“Reinforcement learning , in particular, has given interesting results in compute resource allocations such as CAPES [23] learning to optimize the Luster file system and DeepRM [24] learning to allocate jobs on processors.”
Hu, R., Wang, X., Su, Y., & Yang, B. (2021) · International Conference on Consumer Electronics and Computer Engineering (ICCECE) · doi:10.1109/iccece51280.2021.9342305 · Cited by 4
“The exponentially distributed random variable is set discrete for distributed offline deployment based on real-life scenarios expressed as 1/ m ~ [23,20,15,10,5,1,-100] , where —100 means that the transmission power control of the V2V link is null.”
BackgroundMethodPotential of Applying kNN with Soft Walltime to Improve Scheduling Performance
Hai, T. H. L., Hoang, L. L., & Thoai, N. (2021) · International Conference on Computing, Computational Modelling and Applications (ICCMA) · doi:10.1109/iccma53594.2021.00009 · Cited by 4
A Data-Driven Approach to Dynamically Adjust Resource Allocation for Compute ClustersPreprint
Pace, F., Milios, D., Damiano Carra, B., Venzano, D., & Pietro Michiardi, A. (2018) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1807.00368 · Cited by 4
“Finally, works such as [33, 40, 49, 38, 2, 14, 13, 23, 28], focus either on resource placement or on meeting Service Level Objective (SLO).”
BackgroundMethodLearning Individual Potential-Based Rewards in Multiagent Reinforcement Learning
Yang, C., Xu, P., & Zhang, J. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Games · doi:10.1109/tg.2024.3450475 · Cited by 3
AdaGap: An adaptive gap-aware resource allocation strategy for GPU sharing in heterogeneous clusters
Wang, S., Chen, S., Shi, Y., Yao, G., & Liu, M. (2025) · Future Generation Computer Systems · doi:10.1016/j.future.2025.107883 · Cited by 3
Adaptive container scheduling based on reinforcement learning in kubernetes
Cao, R., Zhang, P., Wu, Y., Liu, J., & Su, H. (2025) · CCF Transactions on High Performance Computing · doi:10.1007/s42514-025-00223-4 · Cited by 3
“Notable among these are DeepRM (Mao et al. 2016) and Decima (Mao et al. 2019).”
Optimizing Resource Scheduling in Computing Power Networks for Low-Consumption Big Data Analytics
Cheng, Y., Hao, Z., Huang, J. Z., & Cai, Z. (2025) · Tsinghua Science & Technology · doi:10.26599/tst.2025.9010018 · Cited by 3
Adimora, K. C., Gundla, S. R., & Sun, H. (2025) · Cluster Computing · doi:10.1007/s10586-025-05521-8 · Cited by 3
QoS aware deep reinforcement learning technique for task scheduling in cloud computing
Naaz, F., Chinmay, A., & Pattanaik, A. (2026) · Discover Computing · doi:10.1007/s10791-026-09996-w · Cited by 3
Deep Reinforcement Learning based Node Pairing Scheme in Edge-Chain for IoT Applications
Gao, Y., Wu, W., Dong, J., Yin, Y., & Si, P. (2020) · Globecom · doi:10.1109/globecom42002.2020.9322205 · Cited by 3
“Refer to [20], we break down the scheduling at each time slot into a sequence of decisions, each of which only chooses one data package.”
BackgroundShiomoto, K., & Kurimoto, T. (2021) · IEEE International Conference on Network Softwarization (NetSoft) · doi:10.1109/netsoft51509.2021.9492675 · Cited by 3
Role of Machine Learning in Resource Usages and Security Challenges for Cloud Computing: Survey
Pandey, U., Tejveer, Rajput, M., & Singh, R. (2023) · International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Smart Communication (AISC) · doi:10.1109/aisc56616.2023.10085687 · Cited by 3
“The approach that has been studied the most frequently is included supervised learning and reinforcement learning [31].”
BackgroundAutonomous On-Device Protocols: Empowering Wireless with Self-Driven Capabilities
Pasandi, H. B., & Nadeem, T. (2024) · IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference · doi:10.1109/wcnc57260.2024.10571037 · Cited by 3
“We next use this data to train our policy using the well-known REINFORCE algorithm [13].”
MethodOptimization of High-Performance Computing Job Scheduling Based on Offline Reinforcement Learning
Li, S., Dai, W., Chen, Y., & Liang, B. (2024) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app142311220 · Cited by 3
Three-way decision-based reinforcement learning for container vertical scaling
Jiang, C., Mao, G., & Xie, B. (2025) · Information Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ins.2025.122045 · Cited by 3
Energy Efficient Scheduling of AI/ML Workloads on Multi Instance Gpus with Dynamic Repartitioning
Lipe, E., Karia, N., Espenshade, C., Stein, C., Tantawi, A. N., & Tardieu, O. (2025) · IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Cluster, Cloud and Grid Computing (CCGrid) · doi:10.1109/ccgrid64434.2025.00066 · Cited by 3
“…that require sequential decision-making and have complex and dynamic environments, and recent research has explored using different RL algorithms to effectively solve a variety of scheduling problems by selecting jobs and or their resources to optimize for various objective functions [11], [12].”
Reles-OTA: A Reinforcement-Learning Enhanced Scalable Over-the-Air Update Approach for CAVs
Bhattacharjee, A., Xu, Z., Vyas, V., & Shi, W. (2025) · IEEE International Conference on Mobility, Operations, Services and Technologies (MOST) · doi:10.1109/most65065.2025.00034 · Cited by 3
Auto-Tuning AI Cloud Infrastructure via Real-Time Telemetry-Driven Feedback Loops
Sahoo, I., Devarapalli, S., Tyagi, J., Bidkar, D. M., Srivastava, M., Adepu, P. K., Kole, D., & Ingole, B. S. (2025) · International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Vision (AIMV) · doi:10.1109/aimv66517.2025.11203439 · Cited by 3
“Recent efforts have explored deep reinforcement learning for cloud resource optimization [1].”
Network Optimization for Safety-Critical Systems Using Software-Defined Networks
Perner, C. (2018) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-77610-1_10 · Cited by 3
DQN-based OpenCL workload partition for performance optimization
Park, S., & Suh, T. (2019) · The Journal of Supercomputing · doi:10.1007/s11227-019-02766-0 · Cited by 3
“The DQN, as a reinforcement learning algorithm, has an advantage in that, with the reward toward the agent’s goal, it can be used for solving problems that are otherwise difficult to optimize without the sophisticated modeling [15].”
A Resource Scheduling Method Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning
赵, 飞. (2021) · Computer Science and Application · doi:10.12677/csa.2021.117205 · Cited by 4
THE ROLE OF MACHINE LEARNING FOR FLEXIBILITY AND REAL OPTIONS ANALYSIS IN ENGINEERING SYSTEMS DESIGN
Caputo, C., & Cardin, M. (2021) · Proceedings of the Design Society · doi:10.1017/pds.2021.573 · Cited by 4
“The past few years have witnessed a strong resurgence of RL as a result of its combination with deep neural networks as well as advances in computational capacity and algorithmic techniques, leading to great achievements via Deep RL (DRL).”
InfluentialReza, M. F., & Zhao, B. (2021) · IEEE International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems (MWSCAS) · doi:10.1109/mwscas47672.2021.9531852 · Cited by 3
“Inspired by recent successes of reinforcement learning (RL) models [7], [9], [10], [12], we also propose to use RL based models to provide proactive solutions for performance efficiency.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSmart Transaction Picking in Tier-to-tier SBS/RS by Deep Q-Learning
Arslan, B., & Ekren, B. Y. (2021) · International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management (IEOM) · doi:10.46254/an11.20211099 · Cited by 3
“Mao et al. (2016) implement deep reinforcement learning (DRL) for resource management problems in computer systems and networks.”
BackgroundDeep Reinforcement Learning for Scheduling in Multi-Hop Wireless Networks : Invited Paper
Zhang, S., Yin, B., & Cheng, Y. (2021) · IEEE International Conference on Mobile Ad-Hoc and Sensor Systems (MASS) · doi:10.1109/mass52906.2021.00010 · Cited by 3
“Similar ideas appear in a series of recent online network control problems [7], [26], [27].”
BackgroundA Stock Trading Strategy Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning
Khemlichi, F., Chougrad, H., Khamlichi, Y. I., Boushaki, A. E., & Ali, S. E. H. B. (2022) · Advances in intelligent systems and computing · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-90639-9_74 · Cited by 3
Optimal Network Protocol Selection for Competing Flows via Online Learning
Zhang, X., Chen, S., Zhang, Y., Im, Y., Gorlatova, M. A., Ha, S., & Joe‐Wong, C. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing · doi:10.1109/tmc.2022.3162880 · Cited by 3
Hierarchically Structured Scheduling and Execution of Tasks in a Multi-agent Environment
Carvalho, D. S., & Sengupta, B. (2022) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-16474-3_2 · Cited by 3
Encoding for Reinforcement Learning Driven Scheduling
Li, B., Fan, Y., Papka, M. E., & Lan, Z. (2023) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-22698-4_4 · Cited by 3
“The reward is set to j ∈ J − 1 /t j [4], where J is the set of jobs currently in the system, t j is the (ideal) duration of the job.”
BackgroundInfluentialAn Ensemble Learning-Based HPC Multi-Resource Demand Prediction Model for Hybrid Clusters
Bai, Y., Guo, Y., Zhang, H., Wang, J., & Chen, J. (2022) · International Conference on Computer Science and Management Technology (ICCSMT) · doi:10.1109/iccsmt58129.2022.00094 · Cited by 3
COUNSEL: Cloud Resource Configuration Management using Deep Reinforcement Learning
Hegde, A., Kulkarni, S. G., & Prasad, A. S. (2023) · IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Cluster, Cloud and Grid Computing (CCGrid) · doi:10.1109/ccgrid57682.2023.00035 · Cited by 3
“Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) is widely used to solve resource management problems [14] involving sequential decisions.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Mao, H., Alizadeh, M., Menache, I., & Kandula, S.
- Affiliations
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- Microsoft (United States) (US)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the 15th ACM Workshop on Hot Topics in Networks
- Publisher
- ACM
- Published
- 2016-11-09
- Pages
- 50-56
- OpenAlex
- W2546571074
- Cited by
- 1,353
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 171 · 2025: 181 · 2024: 98 · 2023: 140 · 2022: 151 · 2021: 191 · 2020: 180 · 2019: 155 · 2018: 62 · 2017: 24
- FWCI
- 68.24
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- ACM Workshop on Hot Topics in Networks (HotNets) (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Cloud Computing and Resource Management
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › Distributed and Parallel Computing Systems
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Hardware and Architecture › Energy Efficiency in Computing
- Keywords
- resource management, deep reinforcement learning, task scheduling, resource allocation, workload modeling, online decision making, experiential learning
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