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SparseEmbed: Learning Sparse Lexical Representations with Contextual Embeddings for Retrieval
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“We experimented with ensembling SparseEmbed (Kong et al., 2023), embedding cosine similarity, BM25, and chose the latter two (weight split of (0.6, 0.4) respectively) based on the results (See Appendix E).”
From Ai2 Scholar QA: Organized Literature Synthesis with Attribution (2025) · cites this paper as Kong et al., 2023
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ColBERT: Efficient and Effective Passage Search via Contextualized Late Interaction over BERT
Khattab, O., & Zaharia, M. (2020) · Proceedings of the 43rd International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval · doi:10.1145/3397271.3401075 · Cited by 1,301
Sparse, Dense, and Attentional Representations for Text Retrieval
Luan, Y., Eisenstein, J., Toutanova, K., & Collins, M. (2021) · Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics · doi:10.1162/tacl_a_00369 · Cited by 363
Kong, W., Khadanga, S., Li, C., Gupta, S. K., Zhang, M., Xu, W., & Bendersky, M. (2022) · Proceedings of the 28th ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining · doi:10.1145/3534678.3539137 · Cited by 27
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Research works printed but not linked: 23
- Alexandr Andoni, Piotr Indyk, and Ilya Razenshteyn. Approximate nearest neighbor search in high dimensions. In Proceedings of the International Congress of Mathematicians: Rio de Janeiro 2018, pages 3287--3318. World Scientific, 2018.
- Yang Bai, Xiaoguang Li, Gang Wang, Chaoliang Zhang, Lifeng Shang, Jun Xu, Zhaowei Wang, Fangshan Wang, and Qun Liu. Sparterm: Learning term-based sparse representation for fast text retrieval. arXiv preprint arXiv:2010.00768, 2020. · arXiv
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- Thibault Formal, Carlos Lassance, Benjamin Piwowarski, and Stéphane Clinchant. Splade v2: Sparse lexical and expansion model for information retrieval. arXiv preprint arXiv:2109.10086, 2021. · arXiv
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- Yingqi Qu, Yuchen Ding, Jing Liu, Kai Liu, Ruiyang Ren, Wayne Xin Zhao, Daxiang Dong, Hua Wu, and Haifeng Wang. Rocketqa: An optimized training approach to dense passage retrieval for open-domain question answering. arXiv preprint arXiv:2010.08191, 2020. · arXiv
- Keshav Santhanam, Omar Khattab, Jon Saad-Falcon, Christopher Potts, and Matei Zaharia. Colbertv2: Effective and efficient retrieval via lightweight late interaction. arXiv preprint arXiv:2112.01488, 2021. · arXiv
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- Lee Xiong, Chenyan Xiong, Ye Li, Kwok-Fung Tang, Jialin Liu, Paul Bennett, Junaid Ahmed, and Arnold Overwijk. Approximate nearest neighbor negative contrastive learning for dense text retrieval. arXiv preprint arXiv:2007.00808, 2020. · arXiv
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Ai2 Scholar QA: Organized Literature Synthesis with Attribution
Singh, A., Chang, J. C., Haddad, D., Naik, A., Hwang, J. D., Kinney, R., Weld, D. S., Downey, D., & Feldman, S. (2025) · Proceedings of the 63rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 3: System Demonstrations) · doi:10.18653/v1/2025.acl-demo.49 · Cited by 19
Metadata
- Authors
- Kong, W., Dudek, J. M., Li, C., Zhang, M., & Bendersky, M.
- Affiliations
- Google Research, Mountain View, CA, USA
- Venue
- Proceedings of the 46th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval
- Publisher
- ACM
- Published
- 2023-07-18
- Pages
- 2399-2403
- Cited by
- 14
- References
- 3
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