The DOI matches its Crossref record; 7 of the 7 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Deep Learning or Classical Machine Learning? An Empirical Study on Log-Based Anomaly Detection
Abstract
While deep learning (DL) has emerged as a powerful technique, its benefits must be carefully considered in relation to computational costs. Specifically, although DL methods have achieved strong performance in log anomaly detection, they often require extended time for log preprocessing, model training, and model inference, hindering their adoption in online distributed cloud systems that require rapid deployment of log anomaly detection service.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Extensive machine learning and deep learning-based techniques have been proposed in research for automated log anomaly detection [9], [10], with the aim of reducing manual analysis costs.”
From Practitioners’ expectations on log anomaly detection (2025) · cites this paper as [9]
Citations
Cites
BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding
Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., & Toutanova, K. (2018) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1810.04805 · Cited by 73,173
Google's Neural Machine Translation System: Bridging the Gap between Human and Machine Translation
Wu, Y., Schuster, M., Chen, Z., Le, Q. V., Norouzi, M., Macherey, W., Krikun, M., Cao, Y., Gao, Q., Macherey, K., et al. (2016) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1609.08144 · Cited by 5,319 · cited 1×
“Then it uses WordPiece tokenization [70, 79] to handle the OOV words, and uses a pre-trained BERT [19] to obtain the semantic meaning of log messages.”
MethodSelf-citationDrain: an online log parsing approach with fixed depth tree
He, P., Zhu, J., Zheng, Z., & Lyu, M. R. (2017) · 2017 IEEE International Conference on Web Services (ICWS) · doi:10.1109/icws.2017.13 · Cited by 943
Self-citationTools and benchmarks for automated log parsing
Zhu, J., He, S., Liu, J., He, P., Xie, Q., Zheng, Z., & Lyu, M. R. (2019) · 2019 IEEE/ACM 41st International Conference on Software Engineering: Software Engineering in Practice (ICSE-SEIP) · doi:10.1109/icse-seip.2019.00021 · Cited by 574
Self-citationLog-based Anomaly Detection Without Log Parsing
Le, V.-H., & Zhang, H. (2021) · 2021 36th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering (ASE) · doi:10.1109/ase51524.2021.9678773 · Cited by 361 · cited 10×
“To choose the representative approaches, we reviewed a series of experience reports [16, 33], empirical study [43], surveys [32, 39], and the SOTA methods [21, 42, 52, 85] on log anomaly detection.”
MethodInfluentialFailure Prediction in IBM BlueGene/L Event Logs
Liang, Y., Zhang, Y., Xiong, H., & Sahoo, R. (2007) · Seventh IEEE International Conference on Data Mining (ICDM 2007) · doi:10.1109/icdm.2007.46 · Cited by 292
Self-Attentive Classification-Based Anomaly Detection in Unstructured Logs
Nedelkoski, S., Bogatinovski, J., Acker, A., Cardoso, J., & Kao, O. (2020) · 2020 IEEE International Conference on Data Mining (ICDM) · doi:10.1109/icdm50108.2020.00148 · Cited by 176
Research works printed but not linked: 75
- 10.1145/3236024.3236069 · DOI
- Dzmitry Bahdanau, Kyunghyun Cho, and Yoshua Bengio. 2014. Neural machine translation by jointly learning to align and translate. arXiv preprint arXiv:1409.0473 (2014). · arXiv
- 10.1109/IPDPS.2006.1639692 · DOI
- 10.1109/ASE.2019.00084 · DOI
- 10.1145/2025113.2025151 · DOI
- 10.1145/1755913.1755926 · DOI
- 10.1145/342009.335388 · DOI · Paper page
- Jeanderson Candido, Maurício Aniche, and Arie van Deursen. 2019. Contemporary software monitoring: A systematic literature review. arXiv e-prints (2019), arXiv-1912.
- Qing Cao and Haoran Niu. 2022. Higher-order Markov Graph based Bug Detection in Cloud-based Deployments. In 2022 IEEE International Performance, Computing, and Communications Conference (IPCCC). IEEE, 153--160.
- 10.1007/s10664-016-9429-5 · DOI
- 10.1109/ICSE.2017.15 · DOI
- 10.1109/ICAC.2004.1301345 · DOI
- Zhuangbin Chen, Jinyang Liu, Wenwei Gu, Yuxin Su, and Michael R Lyu. 2021. Experience Report: Deep Learning-based System Log Analysis for Anomaly Detection. arXiv preprint arXiv:2107.05908 (2021). · arXiv
- Hetong Dai, Heng Li, Che Shao Chen, Weiyi Shang, and Tse-Hsun Chen. 2020. Logram: Efficient log parsing using n-gram dictionaries. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering (2020).
- Sebastian Deorowicz and Szymon Grabowski. 2008. Sub-atomic field processing for improved web log compression. In 2008 International Conference on" Modern Problems of Radio Engineering, Telecommunications and Computer Science"(TCSET). IEEE, 551--556.
- 10.1109/ICDM.2016.0103 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1145/3133956.3134015 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1016/j.icte.2020.06.003 · DOI
- Peng Fei, Zhou Li, Zhiying Wang, Xiao Yu, Ding Li, and Kangkook Jee. 2021. {SEAL}: Storage-efficient causality analysis on enterprise logs with query-friendly compression. In 30th USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 21). 2987--3004.
- Bo Feng, Chentao Wu, and Jie Li. 2016. MLC: an efficient multi-level log compression method for cloud backup systems. In 2016 IEEE Trustcom/BigDataSE/ISPA. IEEE, 1358--1365.
- 10.2307/1403797 · DOI
- Qiang Fu, Jian-Guang Lou, Yi Wang, and Jiang Li. 2009. Execution anomaly detection in distributed systems through unstructured log analysis. In 2009 ninth IEEE international conference on data mining. IEEE, 149--158.
- 10.1145/3106237.3106256 · DOI
- 10.1007/978-3-540-45228-7_36 · DOI
- 10.1145/3460345 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1109/ISSRE.2016.21 · DOI
- Guang-Bin Huang, Yan-Qiu Chen, and Haroon A Babri. 2000. Classification ability of single hidden layer feedforward neural networks. IEEE transactions on neural networks 11, 3 (2000), 799--801.
- 10.1109/ICSM.2008.4658079 · DOI
- 10.1145/2906149 · DOI
- 10.1145/3510003.3510101 · DOI
- 10.1007/BFb0053381 · DOI
- Max Landauer, Sebastian Onder, Florian Skopik, and Markus Wurzenberger. 2022. Deep Learning for Anomaly Detection in Log Data: A Survey. arXiv preprint arXiv:2207.03820 (2022). · arXiv
- 10.1016/j.mlwa.2023.100470 · DOI
- 10.1016/j.cose.2020.101739 · DOI
- Van Hoang Le and Hongyu Zhang. 2022. Log-based Anomaly Detection with Deep Learning: How Far Are We? arXiv preprint arXiv:2202.04301 (2022). · arXiv
- 10.1109/IWQOS52092.2021.9521340 · DOI · Paper page
- Zhenhao Li, Tse-Hsun Peter Chen, Jinqiu Yang, and Weiyi Shang. 2021. Studying duplicate logging statements and their relationships with code clones. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering (2021).
- 10.1109/ICSE43902.2021.00131 · DOI
- 10.1145/2889160.2889232 · DOI
- Fei Tony Liu, Kai Ming Ting, and Zhi-Hua Zhou. 2008. Isolation forest. In 2008 eighth ieee international conference on data mining. IEEE, 413--422.
- Joshua Lockerman, Jose M Faleiro, Juno Kim, Soham Sankaran, Daniel J Abadi, James Aspnes, Siddhartha Sen, and Mahesh Balakrishnan. 2018. The {FuzzyLog}: A Partially Ordered Shared Log. In 13th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI 18). 357--372.
- Jian-Guang Lou, Qiang Fu, Shenqi Yang, Ye Xu, and Jiang Li. 2010. Mining invariants from console logs for system problem detection. In 2010 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC 10).
- Siyang Lu, Xiang Wei, Yandong Li, and Liqiang Wang. 2018. Detecting anomaly in big data system logs using convolutional neural network. In 2018 IEEE 16th Intl Conf on Dependable, Autonomic and Secure Computing, 16th Intl Conf on Pervasive Intelligence and Computing, 4th Intl Conf on Big Data Intelligence and Computing and Cyber Science and Technology Congress (DASC/PiCom/DataCom/CyberSciTech). IEEE, 151--158.
- 10.1145/1557019.1557154 · DOI
- 10.1109/ICSTW55395.2022.00056 · DOI
- 10.1007/s10270-010-0151-2 · DOI
- Weibin Meng, Ying Liu, Yichen Zhu, Shenglin Zhang, Dan Pei, Yuqing Liu, Yihao Chen, Ruizhi Zhang, Shimin Tao, Pei Sun, et al. 2019. LogAnomaly: Unsupervised detection of sequential and quantitative anomalies in unstructured logs.. In IJCAI, Vol. 19. 4739--4745.
- Tim Menzies, Suvodeep Majumder, Nikhila Balaji, Katie Brey, and Wei Fu. 2018. 500+ times faster than deep learning:(a case study exploring faster methods for text mining stackoverflow). In 2018 IEEE/ACM 15th International Conference on Mining Software Repositories (MSR). IEEE, 554--563.
- 10.1145/3196321.3196340 · DOI
- 10.1145/3460319.3464824 · DOI
- 10.1109/TPDS.2013.21 · DOI
- 10.1109/ISSRE.2009.23 · DOI
- Adam Oliner and Jon Stearley. 2007. What supercomputers say: A study of five system logs. In 37th annual IEEE/IFIP international conference on dependable systems and networks (DSN'07). IEEE, 575--584.
- 10.3115/1073336.1073340 · DOI
- 10.1109/ICSE.2015.145 · DOI
- Fabian Pedregosa, Gaël Varoquaux, Alexandre Gramfort, Vincent Michel, Bertrand Thirion, Olivier Grisel, Mathieu Blondel, Peter Prettenhofer, Ron Weiss, Vincent Dubourg, et al. 2011. Scikit-learn: Machine learning in Python. Journal of machine learning research 12, Oct (2011), 2825--2830.
- 10.1109/DCC.2004.1281533 · DOI
- 10.1007/s10664-014-9303-2 · DOI
- Gerard Salton and Christopher Buckley. 1988. Term-weighting approaches in automatic text retrieval. Information processing & management 24, 5 (1988), 513--523.
- 10.1109/ICASSP.2012.6289079 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1109/ICSE.2013.6606586 · DOI
- Jasper Snoek, Hugo Larochelle, and Ryan P Adams. 2012. Practical bayesian optimization of machine learning algorithms. Advances in neural information processing systems 25 (2012).
- 10.1109/IPOM.2003.1251233 · DOI
- 10.1109/CNSM.2015.7367331 · DOI
- Ashish Vaswani, Noam Shazeer, Niki Parmar, Jakob Uszkoreit, Llion Jones, Aidan N Gomez, Łukasz Kaiser, and Illia Polosukhin. 2017. Attention is all you need. Advances in neural information processing systems 30 (2017).
- 10.1145/3468264.3468613 · DOI
- Wei Xu, Ling Huang, Armando Fox, David Patterson, and Michael I. Jordan. 2009. Detecting large-scale system problems by mining console logs. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGOPS 22nd symposium on Operating systems principles. 117--132.
- 10.1109/ICSE43902.2021.00130 · DOI
- Kundi Yao, Mohammed Sayagh, Weiyi Shang, and Ahmed E Hassan. 2021. Improving State-of-the-art Compression Techniques for Log Management Tools. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering (2021).
- Ding Yuan, Soyeon Park, Peng Huang, Yang Liu, Michael M Lee, Xiaoming Tang, Yuanyuan Zhou, and Stefan Savage. 2012. Be conservative: Enhancing failure diagnosis with proactive logging. In 10th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI 12). 293--306.
- 10.1007/s10664-022-10139-0 · DOI
- 10.1145/3338906.3338931 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1145/3132747.3132778 · DOI
- 10.1109/TSE.2018.2887384 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1145/3338906.3338961 · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Practitioners’ expectations on log anomaly detection
Ma, X., Li, Y., Keung, J., Yu, X., Zou, H., Yang, Z., Sarro, F., & Barr, E. T. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering · doi:10.1109/tse.2025.3586700 · Cited by 21
“Extensive machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL)-based techniques have been proposed in research for automated log anomaly detection [9], [10], [11], with the aim of reducing manual analysis costs.”
A 2030 Roadmap for Software Engineering
Pezzè, M., Abrahão, S., Penzenstadler, B., Poshyvanyk, D., Roychoudhury, A., & Yue, T. (2025) · ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology · doi:10.1145/3731559 · Cited by 13
Pluggable AI-based real-time stragglers detection framework in Hadoop
Liu, X., Li, Y., Ranjan, R., & Jha, D. N. (2026) · High-Confidence Computing · doi:10.1016/j.hcc.2025.100341 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Yu, B., Yao, J., Fu, Q., Zhong, Z., Xie, H., Wu, Y., Ma, Y., & He, P.
- Affiliations
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
- Huawei Cloud Computing Technologies Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- Venue
- Proceedings of the IEEE/ACM 46th International Conference on Software Engineering
- Publisher
- ACM
- Published
- 2024-02-06
- Pages
- 1-13
- Cited by
- 65
- References
- 7
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (62102340)
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review