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The UNIX time-sharing system

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Ritchie, Dennis M., Thompson, Ken·1974·Communications of the ACM

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Abstract

UNIX is a general-purpose, multi-user, interactive operating system for the Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-11/40 and 11/45 computers. It offers a number of features seldom found even in larger operating systems, including: (1) a hierarchical file system incorporating demountable volumes; (2) compatible file, device, and inter-process I/O; (3) the ability to initiate asynchronous processes; (4) system command language selectable on a per-user basis; and (5) over 100 subsystems including a dozen languages. This paper discusses the nature and implementation of the file system and of the user command interface.

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TENEX, a paged time sharing system for the PDP - 10
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Richards, M. (1969) · Proceedings of the May 14-16, 1969, spring joint computer conference on XX - AFIPS '69 (Spring) · doi:10.1145/1476793.1476880

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Richards M. BCPL, Proc. AFIPS 1969 SJCC, 34, 557
Aleph, 1971, Practice and Experience, 1, 2

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Authors: Ritchie, D. M., & Thompson, K.
Affiliations: AT&T (United States) (US)
Venue: Communications of the ACM
Publisher: Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)
Published: 1974-07
Volume: 17
Issue: 7
Pages: 365-375
ISSN: 0001-0782 (ISSN-L)
1557-7317
DOI: 10.1145/361011.361061
OpenAlex: W2418656106
Cited by: 826
References: 4
Citations by year: 2026: 46 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 7
FWCI: 106.16
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.acm.org/publications/policies/copyright_policy#Background (vor)
Locations: Communications of the ACM (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Science Applications › History of Computing Technologies
Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › Advanced Data Storage Technologies
Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Software › Logic, programming, and type systems
Keywords: UNIX, time-sharing, operating systems, PDP-11, hierarchical file systems, file I/O, asynchronous processes, command language, Digital Equipment Corporation

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The UNIX time-sharing system

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