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The Performance of Post-Quantum TLS 1.3
Abstract
Quantum Computers (QCs) differ radically from traditional computers and can efficiently solve mathematical problems fundamental to our current cryptographic algorithms. Although existing QCs need to accommodate more qubits to break cryptographic algorithms, the concern of ''Store-Now-Decrypt-Later'' (i.e., adversaries store encrypted data today and decrypt them once powerful QCs become available) highlights the necessity to adopt quantum-safe approaches as soon as possible. In this work, we investigate the performance impact of Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) on TLS 1.3. Different signature algorithms and key agreements (as proposed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)) are examined through black- and white-box measurements to get precise handshake latencies and computational costs per participating library. We emulated loss, bandwidth, and delay to analyze constrained environments. Our results reveal that HQC and Kyber are on par with our current state-of-the-art, while Dilithium and Falcon are even faster. We observed no performance drawback from using hybrid algorithms; moreover, on higher NIST security levels, PQC outperformed any algorithm in use today. Hence, we conclude that post-quantum TLS is suitable for adoption in today's systems.
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“Packet delay seems to affect both HQC and BIKE equally.”
From Status report on the fourth round of the NIST post-quantum cryptography standardization process (2025) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“Generally, when network conditions (e.g., transmission rates and packet loss) are ignored or sufficiently good, HQC results in faster handshakes.”
From Status report on the fourth round of the NIST post-quantum cryptography standardization process (2025) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“In contrast, when network conditions are sufficiently bad, BIKE outperforms HQC.”
From Status report on the fourth round of the NIST post-quantum cryptography standardization process (2025) · cites this paper as [19]
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References 17 · Cited by 49
Research works printed but not linked: 20
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Metadata
- Authors
- Sosnowski, M., Wiedner, F., Hauser, E., Steger, L., Schoinianakis, D., Gallenmüller, S., & Carle, G.
- Affiliations
- Technical University of Munich (DE)
- Nokia Bell Labs, Athens, Greece
- ORCID
- Venue
- Companion of the 19th International Conference on emerging Networking EXperiments and Technologies
- Publisher
- ACM
- Published
- 2023-12-05
- Pages
- 19-27
- OpenAlex
- W4389109055
- Cited by
- 49
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 8
- FWCI
- 12.58
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Funders
- German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (16KISK002,16KISK107)
- European Union?s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (101008468,101079774)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Cryptography and Residue Arithmetic
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › Cryptography and Data Security
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum Information and Cryptography
- Keywords
- post-quantum cryptography, TLS 1.3, handshake latency, digital signature algorithm, NIST PQC standardization, HQC, Kyber, Dilithium, falcons, hybrid algorithm, network emulation, cryptographic performance
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- Sosnowski, M., Wiedner, F., Hauser, E., Steger, L., Schoinianakis, D., Gallenmüller, S., & Carle, G. (2023). The Performance of Post-Quantum TLS 1.3. Companion of the 19th International Conference on emerging Networking EXperiments and Technologies. https://doi.org/10.1145/3624354.3630585
