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PenHeal: A Two-Stage LLM Framework for Automated Pentesting and Optimal Remediation
Open accessAbstract
Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown significant potential in enhancing cybersecurity defenses against sophisticated threats. LLM-based penetration testing is an essential step in automating system security evaluations by identifying vulnerabilities. Remediation, the subsequent crucial step, addresses these discovered vulnerabilities. Since details about vulnerabilities, exploitation methods, and software versions offer crucial insights into system weaknesses, integrating penetration testing with vulnerability remediation into a cohesive system has become both intuitive and necessary.
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ReAct, plan-and-solve, and reflection are the most influential control loops for agentic AI.
“These capabilities are coordinated by control loops, the most influential of which are ReAct (Yao S. et al., ICLR 2023 [89]), which interleaves natural-language reasoning with tool invocations [25]; plan-and-solve, which produces a complete plan before execution; and reflection, which critiques prior outputs before committing [28,32].”
From Agentic AI and Large Language Models for Autonomous IoT Cybersecurity: A Systematic Survey, Taxonomy, and Research Roadmap (2026) · cites this paper as [32]
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
When LLMs meet cybersecurity: a systematic literature review
Zhang, J., Bu, H., Wen, H., Liu, Y., Fei, H., Xi, R., Li, L., Yang, Y., Zhu, H., & Meng, D. (2025) · Cybersecurity · doi:10.1186/s42400-025-00361-w · Cited by 383
“Huang and Zhu (2023) points out the importance of integrating penetration testing with vulnerability remediation into a cohesive system.”
Nageshwaran, V., & Ezekiel, S. (2026) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics15122740 · Cited by 4
“AutoPentest [32,35] and Pen-Heal [32] use plan-and-solve to enumerate attack stages before exploit selection.”
Influential
Metadata
- Authors
- Huang, J., & Zhu, Q.
- Affiliations
- New York University Shanghai (CN)
- New York University (US)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the Workshop on Autonomous Cybersecurity
- Publisher
- ACM
- Published
- 2023-11-06
- Pages
- 11-22
- OpenAlex
- W4404130344
- Cited by
- 25
- References
- 3
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 1
- FWCI
- 6.43
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (ECCS-1847056 and BCS-2122060)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Web Application Security Vulnerabilities
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › Network Security and Intrusion Detection
- Keywords
- large language models, automated penetration testing, vulnerability remediation, vulnerability detection, cybersecurity, two-stage framework, software security evaluation
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