Conceptualizing an Inclusive Metaverse for Enhanced Learning Among Students with Disabilities

“Therefore, exploring novel FL approaches or meta-learning techniques that can handle data heterogeneity and personalize learning at scale is critical [19].”

“Hence, they experience a sense of presence, much like being in a physical educational environment [3].”

“Blockchain technology offers decentralization, security, reliability, and data integrity, which are important for educational applications [11]. c) Security and Privacy: The solution should prioritize the confidentiality and protection of sensitive information about students and their conditions,…”

“First, it might be challenging to develop FL algorithms that can effectively learn from highly heterogeneous data originating from diverse local datasets of students with disabilities [18].”

“Sarah et al. [17] proposed a Collaborative Virtual Environment (CVE) called “Block Challenge”.”

“Therefore, training students, parents, teachers, and therapists on using the metaverse system is important [20].”

“…critical thinking abilities, self-guided learning, collaborative skills, and teamwork, all of which are crucial for individuals with disabilities [8]. c) Parents’ Involvement: For younger students, the solu-tion should involve parents in their children’s educational and therapeutic processes in…”

“Theauthors in [13] introduced an intelligent system for meta-verse learning tailored for students with disabilities, such as motor disabilities, hearing impairments, visual impairments, hyperactivity, dyslexia, dyscalculia, etc.”

“Theauthors in [14] presented a contribution to the field of Arabic Sign Language (ArSL) recognition, focusing on educational applications within the metaverse and targeting people with hearing loss.”

“Using FL brings several benefits to the metaverse, such as providing data privacy since only model parameters will be sent, and not the whole model [4].”

“Students with disabilities support experience customization in the metaverse [5].”

“Therapist-supervised VR and game-based interventions seem more effective than unsupervised ones in improving some skills among children with learning disabilities [9].”

“Cloud services are needed for metaverse applications to scale beyond current platforms and support scalable, interactive 3D worlds [10]. b) Blockchain: The solution should integrate blockchain technology for secure transactions within the metaverse, such as payments for therapy sessions.”

“In the realm of education, traditional learning environments often present substantial barriers to students with disabilities, ranging from physical accessibility issues to the lack of personalized learning experiences [1, 2].”

“Mogavi et al. [4] and Salem et al. [17] observed that avatar-based environments in the metaverse reduce social stigma and facilitate collaborative problem-solving among students with disabilities.”

“These findings suggest that while the metaverse holds promise for fostering collaborative learning, its current communication features may be insufficient, echoing concerns in the literature regarding the development of more robust interaction tools [22].”

“Salem et al. (2024) further proposed an inclusive architecture that incorporates captioning, sign - language - enabled ava-tars, adjustable visual settings, and AI - based personalization to minimize barriers across diverse disability profiles.”

“Salem et al. [19] proposed an early architecture for an inclusive metaverse platform serving students with diverse disabilities, emphasizing the need for AI-driven learning customization, multi-stakeholder virtual participation by teachers, therapists, and parents, and accessibility features…”