MathML and other XML Technologies for Accessible PDF from LATEX
Open accessAbstract
In this paper we describe the current approach to using MathML within Tagged PDF to enhance the accessibility of mathematical (STEM) documents. While MathML is specified by the PDF 2.0 specification as a standard namespace for PDF Structure Elements, the interaction of MathML, which is defined as an XME vocabulary, and PDF Structure Elements (which are not defined as XME) is left unspecified by the PDF standard. This has necessitated the development of formalizations to interpret and validate PDF Structure Trees as XME, which are also introduced in this paper.
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Challenges remain in disambiguating symbols and mapping their intended meaning [20].
“However, challenges remain in disambiguating symbols and mapping their intended meaning [20].”
From iTagPDF: Towards Finally Automating PDF Accessibility (2026) · cites this paper as [20]
Remediating PDFs based on their visual rendering raises ambiguities that have frustrated researchers for more than a decade.
“Remediating PDFs based on their visual rendering raises ambiguities that have frustrated researchers for more than a decade.”
From iTagPDF: Towards Finally Automating PDF Accessibility (2026) · cites this paper as [20]
Section 2.3 describes difficulties aligning typeset mathematical content with accessibility markup, and Section 4 discusses avoiding post-processing through automated tagging. Neither passage addresses remediating PDFs from their visual rendering or says such ambiguities have frustrated researchers for more than a decade. Searches for visual rendering, remediation, and the claimed duration found no passage establishing that point. (LLM, conf=0.72)
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iTagPDF: Towards Finally Automating PDF Accessibility
Mowar, P., Steinfeld, A., & Bigham, J. P. (2026) · Proceedings of the 2026 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3772318.3790289 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
- Authors
- Mittelbach, F., Fischer, U., Carlisle, D., & Wright, J.
- Affiliations
- LATEX Project, Mainz Germany
- LATEX Project, Bonn Germany
- LATEX Project, Oxford UK
- LATEX Project, Ely UK
- Venue
- Proceedings of the 2025 ACM Symposium on Document Engineering
- Publisher
- ACM
- Published
- 2025-08-27
- Pages
- 1-4
- OpenAlex
- W4413757232
- Cited by
- 1
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1
- FWCI
- 1.81
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- ACM Symposium on Document Engineering (DocEng) (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computational Theory and Mathematics › Mathematics, Computing, and Information Processing
- Social Sciences › Human Factors and Ergonomics › Digital Accessibility for Disabilities
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Management Information Systems › Information Systems and Technology Applications
- Keywords
- MathML, PDF accessibility, mathematical documents, XML markup
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