Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
Cited by 491

The DOI matches its Crossref record.

A simple algorithm for finding frequent elements in streams and bags

Karp, Richard M., Shenker, Scott, Papadimitriou, Christos H.·2003·ACM Transactions on Database Systems

Abstract

We present a simple, exact algorithm for identifying in a multiset the items with frequency more than a threshold θ. The algorithm requires two passes, linear time, and space 1/θ. The first pass is an on-line algorithm, generalizing a well-known algorithm for finding a majority element, for identifying a set of at most 1/θ items that includes, possibly among others, all items with frequency greater than θ.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1145/762471.762473

Cites

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cited by

See all 491

Metadata

Authors
Karp, R. M., Shenker, S., & Papadimitriou, C. H.
Venue
ACM Transactions on Database Systems
Published
2003-03
Volume
28
Issue
1
Pages
51-55
ISSN
  • 0362-5915 (ISSN-L)
  • 1557-4644
OpenAlex
W2113139394
Cited by
491
References
0
FWCI
37.10
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: A simple algorithm for finding frequent elements in streams and bags. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1145/762471.762473
The paper
Karp, R. M., Shenker, S., & Papadimitriou, C. H. (2003). A simple algorithm for finding frequent elements in streams and bags. ACM Transactions on Database Systems. https://doi.org/10.1145/762471.762473

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.