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Improving photosynthetic efficiency for greater yield.
Open accessAbstract
Increasing the yield potential of the major food grain crops has contributed very significantly to a rising food supply over the past 50 years, which has until recently more than kept pace with rising global demand. Whereas improved photosynthetic efficiency has played only a minor role in the remarkable increases in productivity achieved in the last half century, further increases in yield potential will rely in large part on improved photosynthesis. Here we examine inefficiencies in photosynthetic energy transduction in crops from light interception to carbohydrate synthesis, and how classical breeding, systems biology, and synthetic biology are providing new opportunities to develop more productive germplasm. Near-term opportunities include improving the display of leaves in crop canopies to avoid light saturation of individual leaves and further investigation of a photorespiratory bypass that has already improved the productivity of model species. Longer-term opportunities include engineering into plants carboxylases that are better adapted to current and forthcoming CO 2 concentrations, and the use of modeling to guide molecular optimization of resource investment among the components of the photosynthetic apparatus, to maximize carbon gain without increasing crop inputs. Collectively, these changes have the potential to more than double the yield potential of our major crops.
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“In another case, RuBisCO, often considered an inefficient enzyme due to relatively low turnover rates in CO2 fixation at the core of the Calvin Cycle, can be can successfully engineered to boost photosynthetic efficiency in both microalgae and cyanobacteria [34].”
From Overview and Challenges of Large-Scale Cultivation of Photosynthetic Microalgae and Cyanobacteria (2023) · cites this paper as [34]
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“These advancements in 𝜀i and 𝜀p leave only modest potential for further improvement of Yp (Zhu et al., 2010).”
From Photosynthesis, Light Use Efficiency, and Yield of Reduced-Chlorophyll Soybean Mutants in Field Conditions (2017) · cites this paper as Zhu et al., 2010
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“However, 𝜀c operates substantially below the theoretical maxima for C3 (0.094) and C4 (0.123; Zhu et al., 2010) crop canopies and therefore limits yield potential (Zhu et al., 2008, 2010)”
From Photosynthesis, Light Use Efficiency, and Yield of Reduced-Chlorophyll Soybean Mutants in Field Conditions (2017) · cites this paper as Zhu et al., 2010
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“Reducing chlorophyll (chl) content may improve the conversion efficiency of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation into biomass and therefore yield in dense monoculture crops by improving light penetration and distribution within the canopy.”
From Photosynthesis, Light Use Efficiency, and Yield of Reduced-Chlorophyll Soybean Mutants in Field Conditions (2017) · cites this paper as Zhu et al., 2010
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“Reducing leaf chlorophyll (chl) content has been proposed as a strategy to improve 𝜀c in crop canopies.”
From Photosynthesis, Light Use Efficiency, and Yield of Reduced-Chlorophyll Soybean Mutants in Field Conditions (2017) · cites this paper as Zhu et al., 2010
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“By distributing light more proportionately throughout leaf layers (Zhu et al., 2010; Ort et al., 2011, 2015), absorbed PPFD could be used more efficiently by mitigating both light oversaturation at the top of canopy and light limitation within the canopy.”
From Photosynthesis, Light Use Efficiency, and Yield of Reduced-Chlorophyll Soybean Mutants in Field Conditions (2017) · cites this paper as Zhu et al., 2010
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“To account for light lost by reflectance and transmission, the amount of light available to the model was set to be 90% of the PPFD (Zhu et al., 2010).”
From Leaf Energy Balance Requires Mitochondrial Respiration and Export of Chloroplast NADPH in the Light (2019) · cites this paper as Zhu et al., 2010
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Hay, W. T., Bihmidine, S., Mutlu, N., Hoang, K., Awada, T. N., Weeks, D. P., Clemente, T. E., & Long, S. P. (2017) · Journal of Plant Physiology · doi:10.1016/j.jplph.2017.02.003 · Cited by 53
Self-citationRepeated Multiview Imaging for Estimating Seedling Tiller Counts of Wheat Genotypes Using Drones
Roth, L., Camenzind, M. P., Aasen, H., Kronenberg, L., Barendregt, C., Camp, K., Walter, A., Kirchgeßner, N., & Hund, A. (2020) · Plant Phenomics · doi:10.34133/2020/3729715 · Cited by 52
“We assumed a maximum canopy cover of 90% [54] for all genotypes based on the observation that values above 50% are very unlikely before GS30 and genotype specific variations in the asymptote therefore neglectable (Supplementary Materials B, Figure 9).”
BackgroundMeng, X.-D., Wang, X.-C., Zhang, Z.-Y., Xiong, S., Wei, Y.-H., Guo, J., Zhang, J., Wang, L., Ma, X., & Tegeder, M. (2021) · Journal of Experimental Botany · doi:10.1093/jxb/erab153 · Cited by 41
Huang, G., Peng, S., & Li, Y. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Botany · doi:10.1093/jxb/erac169 · Cited by 51
Quantifying plant phenotypes with isotopic labeling & metabolic flux analysis
Allen, D. K. (2015) · Current Opinion in Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2015.10.002 · Cited by 52
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Metabolic acclimation—a key to enhancing photosynthesis in changing environments?
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“In fact, a lot of the evidence showed that there is no correlation between the yield of a wide range of crops and photosynthesis, and the yield is limited by sinks for photosynthates, but not by photosynthetic capacity [4].”
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“Leaf angle is associated with increased productivity in maize (Hammer et al., 2009; Lewis et al., 2014; Mansfield & Mumm, 2014; X. ‐ G. Zhu et al., 2010).”
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Anthropogenic increase in carbon dioxide modifies plant-insect interactions
Zavala, J. A., Gog, L., & Giacometti, R. (2016) · Annals of Applied Biology · doi:10.1111/aab.12319 · Cited by 50
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The Synthetic Biology Toolkit for Photosynthetic Microorganisms
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“enhancing photosynthesis for increased biomass production and yield (Zhu et al., 2010), direct 56 coupling of metabolic pathways to photosynthetic reducing power (Mellor et al.”
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Perspectives of improving rice photosynthesis for higher grain yield
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Closed-loop enhancement of plant photosynthesis via biomass-derived carbon dots in biohybrids
Cheng, W., Wang, X., Hu, H., Yu, Y., Yu, X., Chao, W., Yu, M., Ding, J., Lin, Y., Zhao, W., et al. (2025) · Communications Materials · doi:10.1038/s43246-025-00763-w · Cited by 49
Improving the sunlight-to-biomass conversion efficiency in microalgal biofactories
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Quantitative Analysis of Cotton Canopy Size in Field Conditions Using a Consumer-Grade RGB-D Camera
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“Many attempts have been made to improve the efficiency of biomass formation in higher plants (Zhu et al., 2010) and in algae (Beer et al., 2009).”
BackgroundIncreased Rubisco content in maize mitigates chilling stress and speeds recovery
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“This could have negative effects on yield in maize, which mainly depends on postsilking photosynthetic rates (Chen et al., 2015; Zhu et al., 2010).”
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“The higher PY in a plant leads to a higher rate of photosynthesis (Zhu et al. 2010).”
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Progress in understanding and engineering primary plant metabolism
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Metadata
- Authors
- Zhu, X.-G., Long, S. P., & Ort, D. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- Agricultural Research Service (US)
- Venue
- Annual Review of Plant Biology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2010-06-02
- Volume
- 61
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 235-261
- ISSN
- 1543-5008 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-2123
- OpenAlex
- W2117225984
- Cited by
- 1,902
- References
- 150
- Citations by year
- 2026: 115 · 2025: 164 · 2024: 163 · 2023: 139 · 2022: 184 · 2021: 151 · 2020: 142 · 2019: 122 · 2018: 112 · 2017: 111 · 2016: 116 · 2015: 98 · 2014: 93 · 2013: 58 · 2012: 66
- FWCI
- 5.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Annual Review of Plant Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Photosynthetic Processes and Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Crop Yield and Soil Fertility
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Plant Water Relations and Carbon Dynamics
- Keywords
- photosynthetic efficiency, crop yield potential, light interception, Rubisco, light saturation, systems biology, synthetic biology, crop breeding, carbon gain
- MeSH terms
- Carboxy-Lyases, Photosynthesis, Plant Leaves, Crops, Agricultural
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