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VLR-Based Adaptive Immunity
Abstract
Lampreys and hagfish are primitive jawless vertebrates capable of mounting specific immune responses. Lampreys possess different types of lymphocytes, akin to T and B cells of jawed vertebrates, that clonally express somatically diversified antigen receptors termed variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs), which are composed of tandem arrays of leucine-rich repeats. The VLRs appear to be diversified by a gene conversion mechanism involving lineage-specific cytosine deaminases. VLRA is expressed on the surface of T-like lymphocytes; B-like lymphocytes express and secrete VLRB as a multivalent protein. VLRC is expressed by a distinct lymphocyte lineage. VLRA-expressing cells appear to develop in a thymus-like tissue at the tip of gill filaments, and VLRB-expressing cells develop in hematopoietic tissues. Reciprocal expression patterns of evolutionarily conserved interleukins and chemokines possibly underlie cell-cell interactions during an immune response. The discovery of VLRs in agnathans illuminates the origins of adaptive immunity in early vertebrates.
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“During lymphocyte development, the VLR gene region is reorganised, ending up with the incorporation of several of the surrounding LRR modules.”
From Tandem repeats lead to sequence assembly errors and impose multi-level challenges for genome and protein databases (2019) · cites this paper as [78]
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“In lamprey there are three VLR genes that each have multiple LRR-encoding modules in their vicinity. Together they can encode several hundreds of different proteins (78).”
From Tandem repeats lead to sequence assembly errors and impose multi-level challenges for genome and protein databases (2019) · cites this paper as [78]
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“In lamprey there are three VLR genes that each have multiple LRR-encoding modules in their vicinity. Together they can encode several hundreds of different proteins (78).”
From Tandem repeats lead to sequence assembly errors and impose multi-level challenges for genome and protein databases (2019) · cites this paper as [78]
In the citing paper
“Different lymphocytes have different organisations of their VLR gene.”
From Tandem repeats lead to sequence assembly errors and impose multi-level challenges for genome and protein databases (2019) · cites this paper as [78]
In the citing paper
“In jawless vertebrates the variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs), another class of immune genes, also contain LRRs (78).”
From Tandem repeats lead to sequence assembly errors and impose multi-level challenges for genome and protein databases (2019) · cites this paper as [78]
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Cited by
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UV-Induced Molecular Signaling Differences in Melanoma and Non-melanoma Skin Cancer
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Organization of lamprey variable lymphocyte receptor C locus and repertoire development
Das, S., Hirano, M., Aghaallaei, N., Bajoghli, B., Boehm, T., & Cooper, M. D. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1302500110 · Cited by 57
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Metadata
- Authors
- Boehm, T., McCurley, N., Sutoh, Y., Schorpp, M., Kasahara, M., & Cooper, M. D.
- Affiliations
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany;,
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322;,
- Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan;,
- Venue
- Annual Review of Immunology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2012-04-23
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 203-220
- ISSN
- 0732-0582
- 1545-3278
- PMC
- PMC3526378
- Cited by
- 239
- References
- 1
- Language
- en
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