The Dynamic Fungal Genome: Polyploidy, Aneuploidy and Copy Number Variation in Response to Stress
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Fungal species have dynamic genomes and often exhibit genomic plasticity in response to stress. This genome plasticity often comes with phenotypic consequences that affect fitness and resistance to stress. Fungal pathogens exhibit genome plasticity in both clinical and agricultural settings and often during adaptation to antifungal drugs, posing significant challenges to human health. Therefore, it is important to understand the rates, mechanisms, and impact of large genomic changes. This review addresses the prevalence of polyploidy, aneuploidy, and copy number variation across diverse fungal species, with special attention to prominent fungal pathogens and model species. We also explore the relationship between environmental stress and rates of genomic changes and highlight the mechanisms underlying genotypic and phenotypic changes. A comprehensive understanding of these dynamic fungal genomes is needed to identify novel solutions for the increase in antifungal drug resistance.
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Despite initial susceptibility to drug, heteroresistant subpopulations can expand during therapy, partially due to antifungal exposure, characterized as emergence of resistance-related genetic mutations, and clinically as relapse or progression of infection.
“Despite initial susceptibility to the drug, heteroresistant subpopulations can expand during therapy, partially due to antifungal exposure, characterized as the emergence of resistance-related genetic mutations, and clinically as relapse or progression of the infection [110,151,152,153].”
From Insight into the Mechanisms and Clinical Relevance of Antifungal Heteroresistance (2025) · cites this paper as [152]
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredBy altering gene dosage or expression levels, aneuploidy allows fungi to quickly adjust to adverse conditions without permanent genetic mutations, promoting survival in fluctuating environments.
“By altering gene dosage or expression levels, aneuploidy allows fungi to quickly adjust to adverse conditions without permanent genetic mutations, promoting survival in fluctuating environments [99,129,145,152,154].”
From Insight into the Mechanisms and Clinical Relevance of Antifungal Heteroresistance (2025) · cites this paper as [152]
Aneuploidy has been implicated in antifungal resistance and stress adaptation in related fungal pathogens.
“Given that aneuploidy has been implicated in antifungal resistance and stress adaptation in related fungal pathogens [33, 34, 35]”
From Calcineurin‐Dependent Stress Adaptation Enables Caspofungin Heteroresistance Leading to Stable Resistance in <i>Candida Glabrata</i> (2026) · cites this paper as [34]
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References 151 · Cited by 70
- Authors
- Vande Zande, P., Zhou, X., & Selmecki, A.
- Affiliations
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA;
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Corresponding author
- Zhou, Xin
- Venue
- Annual Review of Microbiology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2023-09-15
- Volume
- 77
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 341-361
- ISSN
- 0066-4227 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-3251
- PMC
- PMC10599402
- OpenAlex
- W4380318254
- Cited by
- 70
- References
- 151
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 2
- FWCI
- 1.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Annual Review of Microbiology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI143689)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Fungal and yeast genetics research
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Chromosomal and Genetic Variations
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antifungal resistance and susceptibility
- Keywords
- polyploidy, aneuploidy, copy number variation, environmental stress response, fungal pathogens, antifungal resistance, genomic instability, fungal adaptation
- MeSH terms
- Aneuploidy, Humans, Polyploidy, Genome, Fungal, Genomics, DNA Copy Number Variations
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