The DOI matches its Crossref record; 77 of the 77 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Protein Design by Directed Evolution
Abstract
While nature evolved polypeptides over billions of years, protein design by evolutionary mimicry is progressing at a far more rapid pace. The mutation, selection, and amplification steps of the evolutionary cycle may be imitated in the laboratory using existing proteins, or molecules created de novo from random sequence space, as starting templates. However, the astronomically large number of possible polypeptide sequences remains an obstacle to identifying and isolating functionally interesting variants. Intelligently designed libraries and improved search techniques are consequently important for future advances. In this regard, combining experimental and computational methods holds particular promise for the creation of tailored protein receptors and catalysts for tasks unimagined by nature.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Intrinsically unstructured proteins and their functions
Dyson, H. J., & Wright, P. E. (2005) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/nrm1589 · Cited by 3,871
Rapid evolution of a protein in vitro by DNA shuffling
Stemmer, W. P. C. (1994) · Nature · doi:10.1038/370389a0 · Cited by 1,932
Design of a Novel Globular Protein Fold with Atomic-Level Accuracy
Kuhlman, B., Dantas, G., Ireton, G. C., Varani, G., Stoddard, B. L., & Baker, D. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1089427 · Cited by 1,670
In Vitro Selection of Functional Nucleic Acids
Wilson, D. S., & Szostak, J. W. (1999) · Annual Review of Biochemistry · doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.68.1.611 · Cited by 1,206
De Novo Protein Design: Fully Automated Sequence Selection
Dahiyat, B. I., & Mayo, S. L. (1997) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.278.5335.82 · Cited by 1,145
RNA-peptide fusions for the in vitro selection of peptides and proteins
Roberts, R. W., & Szostak, J. W. (1997) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.94.23.12297 · Cited by 1,105
In vitro selection and evolution of functional proteins by using ribosome display
Hanes, J., & Plückthun, A. (1997) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.94.10.4937 · Cited by 1,088
Man-made cell-like compartments for molecular evolution
Tawfik, D. S., & Griffiths, A. D. (1998) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt0798-652 · Cited by 956
Structural Symmetry and Protein Function
Goodsell, D. S., & Olson, A. J. (2000) · Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure · doi:10.1146/annurev.biophys.29.1.105 · Cited by 950
Winter, G., & Milstein, C. (1991) · Nature · doi:10.1038/349293a0 · Cited by 945
Cited by
Reetz, M. T. (2011) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.201000826 · Cited by 538
Chip in a lab: microfluidics for next generation life science research
Streets, A. M., & Huang, Y. (2013) · Biomicrofluidics · doi:10.1063/1.4789751 · Cited by 180
Computational scoring and experimental evaluation of enzymes generated by neural networks
Johnson, S. R., Fu, X., Viknander, S., Goldin, C., Monaco, S., Zelezniak, A., & Yang, K. K. (2025) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41587-024-02214-2 · Cited by 99
Li, T., Pantazes, R. J., & Maranas, C. D. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0105954 · Cited by 79
Free energy perturbation calculations of the thermodynamics of protein side-chain mutations
Steinbrecher, T., Abel, R., Clark, A., & Friesner, R. (2017) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2017.03.002 · Cited by 46
Metadata
- Authors
- Jäckel, C., Kast, P., & Hilvert, D.
- Venue
- Annual Review of Biophysics
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2008-06-01
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 153-173
- ISSN
- 1936-122X (ISSN-L)
- 1936-1238
- OpenAlex
- W2144794655
- Cited by
- 409
- References
- 77
- FWCI
- 2.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Protein Design by Directed Evolution. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1146/annurev.biophys.37.032807.125832
- The paper
- Jäckel, C., Kast, P., & Hilvert, D. (2008). Protein Design by Directed Evolution. Annual Review of Biophysics. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.37.032807.125832
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.