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THE YARKOVSKY AND YORP EFFECTS: Implications for Asteroid Dynamics
Abstract
The Yarkovsky and YORP (Yarkovsky-O'Keefe-Radzievskii-Paddack) effects are thermal radiation forces and torques that cause small objects to undergo semimajor axis drift and spin vector modifications, respectively, as a function of their spin, orbit, and material properties. These mechanisms help to (a) deliver asteroids (and meteoroids) with diameter D < 40 km from their source locations in the main belt to chaotic resonance zones capable of transporting this material to Earth-crossing orbits; (b) disperse asteroid families, with drifting bodies jumping or becoming trapped in mean-motion and secular resonances within the main belt; (c) modify the rotation rates and obliquities of D < 40 km asteroids; and (d) allow asteroids to enter into spin-orbit resonances, which affect the evolution of their spin vectors and feedback into the Yarkovsky-driven semimajor axis evolution. Accordingly, we suggest that nongravitational forces should now be considered as important as collisions and gravitational perturbations to our overall understanding of asteroid evolution.
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“In this work, relativistic terms and the role of the Yarkovsky and Yarkovsky-O'Keefe-Radzievskii-Paddack (YORP) effects (see e.g. Bottke et al. 2006) have been ignored.”
From Asteroid 2014 OL339: yet another Earth quasi-satellite (2014) · cites this paper as Bottke et al. 2006
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Metadata
- Authors
- Bottke, W. F., Vokrouhlický, D., Rubincam, D. P., & Nesvorný, D.
- Affiliations
- Southwest Research Institute (US)
- Charles University (CZ)
- Goddard Space Flight Center (US)
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, Colorado 80302;
- Venue
- Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2006-05-01
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 157-191
- ISSN
- 0084-6597 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-4495
- OpenAlex
- W2144804653
- Cited by
- 720
- References
- 113
- Citations by year
- 2026: 36 · 2025: 40 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 53 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 42 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 52 · 2014: 44 · 2013: 39 · 2012: 23
- FWCI
- 2.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Space and Planetary Science › Astro and Planetary Science
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Space Satellite Systems and Control
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Keywords
- Yarkovsky effect, YORP effect, asteroid dynamics, asteroid families, mean motion resonance, spin-orbit resonance, asteroid rotation, non-gravitational forces, Earth-crossing orbits, main-belt asteroid, meteoroids
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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