Cited by 465Mosquito-borne diseases and controlViral Infections and VectorsVector-Borne Animal Diseases

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V ENEZUELAN E QUINE E NCEPHALITIS

Weaver, Scott C., Ferro, Cristina, Barrera, Roberto, Boshell, Jorge, Navarro, Juan-Carlos·2004·Annual Review of Entomology

DOI 10.1146/annurev.ento.49.061802.123422

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Abstract

▪ Abstract Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) remains a naturally emerging disease threat as well as a highly developed biological weapon. Recently, progress has been made in understanding the complex ecological and viral genetic mechanisms that coincide in time and space to generate outbreaks. Enzootic, equine avirulent, serotype ID VEEV strains appear to alter their serotype to IAB or IC, and their vertebrate and mosquito host range, to mediate repeated VEE emergence via mutations in the E2 envelope glycoprotein that represent convergent evolution. Adaptation to equines results in highly efficient amplification, which results in human disease. Although epizootic VEEV strains are opportunistic in their use of mosquito vectors, the most widespread outbreaks appear to involve specific adaptation to Ochlerotatus taeniorhynchus, the most common vector in many coastal areas. In contrast, enzootic VEEV strains are highly specialized and appear to utilize vectors exclusively in the Spissipes section of the Culex (Melanoconion) subgenus.

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An updated checklist of mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae) of Ecuador: new records and public health significance
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Description of the larva and pupa of Culex (Melanoconion) dureti Casal & Garcia and redescription of the adult male (Diptera: Culicidae).
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Zengel, J. R., & Carette, J. E. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/d41586-020-03192-6
Effect of exogenous expression of IFN-γ on the new world alphavirus replication and infection
Wu, J., Barabé, N. D., & Chau, D. (2019) · Future Virology · doi:10.2217/fvl-2019-0073
Efficacy of Host-Kinase Inhibitors as Antiviral Agents Against Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus
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“The 5` end of the genome encodes for 4 nonstructural proteins (nsP1-4) while the 3` end produces 5 structural proteins (capsid, E1-E3, 6K) [7-10].”
Background
Novel Antivirals For Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis
Thomas, D. R., Wagstaff, K., Lundberg, L., Baell, J., Kehn-Hall, K., & Jans, D. A. (2018) · doi:10.31988/scitrends.14355
Neuroviral Infections: A Historical Perspective
Singh, S. K., & Růžek, D. (2013) · doi:10.1201/b13907-6
Distinguishing Tropical Infectious Diseases from Bioterrorism
Olano, J., Peters, C., & Walker, D. (2011) · Tropical Infectious Diseases: Principles, Pathogens and Practice · doi:10.1016/b978-0-7020-3935-5.00125-7
A recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody to Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus E2 that neutralizes virus in vitro and is effective prophylactically in vivo
Hu, W.-G., Phelps, A., Jager, S., Chau, D., Butcher, W., Eastaugh, L. S., Perkins, S. D., Gates, A., Phillpotts, R., & Nagata, L. (2008) · doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2008.07.416
Zoonotic Alphaviruses in Costa Rica: Long-Term IgM Serosurveillance in Horses from 2009–2019
León, B., Viana, M., Hutter, S. E., Ruiz, A. I., Baldi, M., Käsbohrer, A., Firth, C., & Jiménez, C. (2025) · Zoonoses · doi:10.15212/zoonoses-2024-0062
Togaviridae and Flaviviridae
Mallhi, T., Bokharee, N., & Khan, Y. (2021) · Reference Module in Biomedical Sciences · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818731-9.00166-x
Vector-borne diseases
Little, S. E. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-54396-5.00014-3 · Cited by 3
Diseases of the Nervous System
MacKay, R., Middleton, J., & Aleman, M. (2020) · Large Animal Internal Medicine · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-55445-9.00035-5
Swords to Ploughshares and Back: The Continuing Threat of Immunomodulatory Research and Development
Cornish, J. P., & Johnson, R. F. (2019) · Defense Against Biological Attacks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-03053-7_10
Neurotropic Viruses
Holbrook, M. (2019) · Defense Against Biological Attacks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-03071-1_1
Transgenesis and conditional lethality in Aedes albopictus
Labbé, G. (2011) · doi:10.25560/11750
“The Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis is a re-emerging disease caused by an alphavirus transmitted mostly by Ochlerotatus (formerly Aedes) taeniorhynchus mosquitoes (Weaver et al., 2004).”
Background
Studies on the immunogenicity in swine of influenza A virus hemagglutinin expressed by Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus-like replicon particles
Crabtree, B. G. (2007) · doi:10.31274/rtd-180813-15988

Authors: Weaver, S. C., Ferro, C., Barrera, R., Boshell, J., & Navarro, J.-C.
Affiliations: Instituto Nacional de Salud (CO)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-0609;
ORCID: Weaver, Scott C.
Barrera, Roberto
Navarro, Juan-Carlos
Venue: Annual Review of Entomology
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Published: 2004-01
Volume: 49
Issue: 1
Pages: 141-174
ISSN: 0066-4170 (ISSN-L)
1545-4487
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ento.49.061802.123422
OpenAlex: W2123164501
Cited by: 465
References: 158
Citations by year: 2026: 16 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 19
FWCI: 2.83
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Annual Review of Entomology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (COLCIENCIAS)
National Institutes of Health (5r03tw005919-03, n01ai25489-12-0-1)
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI049725, AI49725-01, AI-25489, R01AI048807, AI48807-01)
Fogarty International Center (TW5919)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Mosquito-borne diseases and control
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Viral Infections and Vectors
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Virology › Vector-Borne Animal Diseases
Keywords: Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, emerging infectious diseases, biological weapons, serotype switching, E2 glycoprotein, convergent evolution, host range adaptation, mosquito vectors, Culex (Melanoconion), epizootic strains, viral outbreak, arbovirus ecology
MeSH terms: Aedes, Animals, Disease Outbreaks, Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine, Encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan Equine, Horse Diseases, Horses, Host-Parasite Interactions, Humans, Insect Vectors, Mutation, Viral Envelope Proteins, Viral Vaccines, Virulence, Equidae

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