The DOI matches its Crossref record; 71 of the 71 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Group Membership, Group Identity, and Group Consciousness: Measures of Racial Identity in American Politics?
Abstract
This article examines the concepts of group membership, group identity and racial identity, and group consciousness. For each of these we discuss theoretical definitions, research using the various definitions, and issues of measurement. We show that these concepts are distinct and build on each other, rather than being interchangeable. We also explore the concept of linked fate, which evolved from the concept of group consciousness and is central in the race and politics literature. Finally, we address the very important question of whether we are in danger of overextrapolation—taking concepts developed in research on one group and grafting them onto other groups.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The Social psychology of intergroup relations
Austin, W. G., & Worchel, S. (1979) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 11,577
Social categorization and intergroup behaviour
Tajfel, H., Billig, M. G., Bundy, R. P., & Flament, C. (1971) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420010202 · Cited by 5,562
An Economic Theory of Democracy
Marvick, D., & Downs, A. (1960) · The Western Political Quarterly · doi:10.2307/444355 · Cited by 4,109
Ethnic identity in adolescents and adults: Review of research.
Phinney, J. S. (1990) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.108.3.499 · Cited by 3,798
Participation in America: Political Democracy and Social Equality
Dowse, R. E., Verba, S., & Nie, N. (1973) · The British Journal of Sociology · doi:10.2307/589742 · Cited by 1,598
The Racial Triangulation of Asian Americans
KIM, C. J. (1999) · Politics & Society · doi:10.1177/0032329299027001005 · Cited by 1,573
Advantages and Disadvantages of Cognitive Heuristics in Political Decision Making
Lau, R. R., & Redlawsk, D. P. (2001) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.2307/2669334 · Cited by 1,421
From Social to Political Identity: A Critical Examination of Social Identity Theory
Huddy, L. (2001) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/0162-895x.00230 · Cited by 1,371
Models of ecological rationality: The recognition heuristic.
Goldstein, D. G., & Gigerenzer, G. (2002) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.109.1.75 · Cited by 1,352
The study of culture, ethnicity, and race in American psychology.
Betancourt, H., & López, S. R. (1993) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.48.6.629 · Cited by 1,164
Cited by
Broockman, D. E. (2013) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/ajps.12018 · Cited by 374
The Effects of Judge Race and Sex on Pretrial Detention Decisions
Boldt, E. D., Boyd, C. L., Carlos, R. F., & Baker, M. E. (2021) · Justice System Journal · doi:10.1080/0098261x.2021.1881665 · Cited by 18
Metadata
- Authors
- McClain, P. D., Johnson Carew, J. D., Walton, E., & Watts, C. S.
- Venue
- Annual Review of Political Science
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2009-06-01
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 471-485
- ISSN
- 1094-2939 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-1577
- OpenAlex
- W2161389709
- Cited by
- 388
- References
- 71
- FWCI
- 5.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Group Membership, Group Identity, and Group Consciousness: Measures of Racial Identity in American Politics? https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1146/annurev.polisci.10.072805.102452
- The paper
- McClain, P. D., Johnson Carew, J. D., Walton, E., & Watts, C. S. (2009). Group Membership, Group Identity, and Group Consciousness: Measures of Racial Identity in American Politics? Annual Review of Political Science. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.10.072805.102452
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.