Cited by 944Intergenerational and Educational Inequality StudiesLabor market dynamics and wage inequalitySchool Choice and Performance

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Social and Economic Returns to College Education in the United States

Hout, Michael·2012·Annual Review of Sociology

DOI 10.1146/annurev.soc.012809.102503

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Abstract

Education correlates strongly with most important social and economic outcomes such as economic success, health, family stability, and social connections. Theories of stratification and selection created doubts about whether education actually caused good things to happen. Because schools and colleges select who continues and who does not, it was easy to imagine that education added little of substance. Evidence now tips the balance away from bias and selection and in favor of substance. Investments in education pay off for individuals in many ways. The size of the direct effect of education varies among individuals and demographic groups. Education affects individuals and groups who are less likely to pursue a college education more than traditional college students. A smaller literature on social returns to education indicates that communities, states, and nations also benefit from increased education of their populations; some estimates imply that the social returns exceed the private returns.

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Authors: Hout, M.
Affiliations: University of California, Berkeley (US)
Corresponding author: Hout, Michael
ORCID: Hout, Michael
Venue: Annual Review of Sociology
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Published: 2012-08-11
Volume: 38
Issue: 1
Pages: 379-400
ISSN: 0360-0572 (ISSN-L)
1545-2115
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.soc.012809.102503
OpenAlex: W2162075074
Cited by: 943
References: 120
Citations by year: 2026: 49 · 2025: 81 · 2024: 72 · 2023: 90 · 2022: 69 · 2021: 102 · 2020: 53 · 2019: 87 · 2018: 95 · 2017: 70 · 2016: 62 · 2015: 60 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 6
FWCI: 9.09
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Annual Review of Sociology (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health
Berkeley Population Center, University of California Berkeley
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Intergenerational and Educational Inequality Studies
Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Labor market dynamics and wage inequality
Social Sciences › Education › School Choice and Performance
Keywords: returns to education, university education, social returns, economic returns, educational stratification, selection effects, education investment

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Social and Economic Returns to College Education in the United States

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